<p>Conner Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Noblesville, Hamilton County, Indiana. It encompasses 146 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Noblesville. It developed between about 1840 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Italianate, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed William Houston Craig House and Daniel Craycraft House. Other notable buildings include the Heylmann House , Gaeth House , Wild House , Noblesville High School Gymnasium , First Presbyterian Church , and Charles Swain House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Arthur House is a historic residence located in Newton, Iowa, United States. Arthur was a land agent who held two offices in Jasper County government. He was also one of the incorporators for St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Newton, was involved in acquiring the property for the church, and may have donated it. He moved his family to Oakland, California about 1876, and the house was sold to the Rev. Joseph Evans Ryan, the Rector for St. Stephans. Built in 1865, the painted brick Late Gothic Revival house is the only elaborate house in that style in the city, and only one of a few such houses in central Iowa. Its distinguishing feature is a three-story, round tower with a flared, conical roof. The only access to the second floor is by way of the tower. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Fisherman Island, or Fisherman&#39;s Island, is a 71 acre island, on the central coast of Maine, United States. Located roughly midway between Damariscove Island and the mainland at Ocean Point, the privately-owned island has a history of human activity predating the colonial period, and was settled by English fishermen in the 17th century. The island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 for the significance of its prehistoric archaeological sites.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fisherman Island is part of a group of islands along the eastern edge of Booth Bay, extending roughly southward from Ocean Point, the southernmost mainland point of the town of Boothbay, at the tip of the Linekin Neck peninsula. The island is relatively narrow and about 1 mi long, with a narrow section at its center. It is separated by a narrow channel from Ram Island, where the Ram Island Light is located. To its east are a series of ledges known as The Hypocrites, a name probably derived from early references to this island as "Hippocras".</p><br>
<p>At the center of the northern half of the island stand a small cluster of buildings, which were used for some years in the 20th century as a religious retreat, but were then updated for potential use as an inn or family retreat. The island is otherwise treeless and windswept, and is a significant waterfowl nesting area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island has evidence of prehistoric human habitation, for which it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The island is believed to have been a landing point of the exploratory expedition of Englishman George Weymouth in 1605. Damariscove Island soon afterward was settled as a significant coastal fishing community, and by the 1640s two families were said to be living on Fishermans, along with fifteen on Damariscove. Fishermans was attacked by Native Americans in 1676, late in King Philips War, as part of broadbased campaign against all English settlements east of the Kennebec River, and was abandoned until 1684. It was again abandoned with the outbreak of King Williams War in 1689.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the island was purchased by John Henry Wilson, a minister who established a religious retreat, building the large stone house that now occupies the island&#39;s high point. It has since been redeveloped.</p><br>
<p>The August H. Bergman House is a historic house located at 629 First Avenue in Newton, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bergman was an investor in several washing machine companies, including Maytag. He was also a member of the Iowa Senate between 1922 and 1930. While there he was responsible for establishing the gasoline tax to support upgrading and paving the roads in the state. This is the only known example of a Mission Revival house designed by the prominent Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot & Bird. It was built by R. P. Rasmussen for $17,000 in 1909. The house features a hipped red tile roof, stucco walls, stone trim, belvedere, Mission-shaped dormers, broad eaves, and a full-length single-story porch with a pergola.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Fields Place-Vickery House  is a historic building located in Dahlonega, Georgia. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently owned by the University of North Georgia and houses the university&#39;s Georgia Appalachian Studies Center in keeping with the historic significance of the building.</p><br>
<p>Its fireplace and mantel seem to have been built c.1860 but most of the extant building dates from 1890 to 1908.</p><br>
<h2>Style</h2><br>
<p>The house is Folk Victorian as opposed to high-style Victorian, as the house has Victorian features but retains a simplistic and folksy architectural style, as it was designed for a middle-class family. Victorian features of the home include irregular roof lines, turned porch posts and beaded ceilings. Wainscoting on the lower level of the home is a Victorian feature, but the upper level of the house has unfinished walls. The house has one bathroom, several bedrooms (now used as offices and classrooms) and a kitchen, with an antique farm sink and original cupboards. The doors have louvered windows to keep the house ventilated. The downstairs area has a large, wide hallway, a convention of Victorian architecture. The upstairs has a large landing and several rooms, including a small room which houses the staircase leading to a large attic. The house, in country style, has a large front porch, a back porch leading from the kitchen, and a sunroom. Victorian stained glass was installed by Dr. Elias Benton Vickery in the bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1860 by John D. Fields, the deputy sheriff of Dahlonega and alumnus of the Georgia Agricultural College (now the University of North Georgia). During this time, the house was known as the Old Fields House. The L-shaped house had three rooms, a cellar, a shed porch and a central hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Weir Boyd, a gold mine owner, Civil War veteran and local politician, purchased the house for $400 at a sheriff&#39;s auction. He died in 1893, at which point his daughter, Martha, and her husband, B. P. Gaillard, inherited the house. The couple added three rooms to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>Around 1895, Dr. Elias Benton Vickery, his wife, Ella, and his children, Katherine and Eugene, moved into the house. Vickery renovated the home between 1895 and 1908, replacing the right front room, widening the original hallway, and adding a second story and a bathroom on the first floor. He removed the original porch and installed a new Victorian porch, which ran along the front and left side of the house. He added a screen porch to the rear of the house, which joined the kitchen on the north and east side. A well remains on this porch. Upon Vickery&#39;s death in 1929, the house remained empty for years.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the house was given to the Dahlonega Club by Vickery family heirs. Ella Ray Oakes, president of the club, travelled to Atlanta to accept the house. The home was a popular place for schoolchildren to tour during the Christmas season. Oakes donated the fence around the house and allocated Dahlonega Club funds to the restoration of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Dahlonega Club donated the house to the University of North Georgia. Since then, the house has been the headquarters of the Georgia Appalachian Studies Center.</p><br>
<p>Tahkenitch Lake , at 2,118 acre, is one of the larger lakes along the coast of the USA state of Oregon. Its name comes from a Lower Umpqua  placename meaning "having arms running out like a crab".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Tahkenitch Lake, like its immediate neighbor to the north, Siltcoos Lake, was formed during and after the Pleistocene when melting glaciers caused a rise in sea level that drowned the lower reaches of Oregon&#39;s coastal rivers. Big rivers like the Umpqua, south of Tahkenitch Lake, formed large estuaries. The mouths of smaller streams filled with sand and sediment, which eventually created dunes. Tahkenitch, Siltcoos, Woahink, and other nearby lakes formed behind these dunes. Many centuries later, the lakes remain at elevations somewhat above the lower sea of the early 21st-century. The surface of Tahkenitch is about 20 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Physical description</h2><br>
<p>Fed mainly by Fivemile and Leitel creeks and several smaller streams, including Elbow Lake, Mallard, and John Sims creeks, the lake is mostly shallow. The average depth is about 11 ft, and the maximum depth is 23 ft. Water leaves the lake at its west end via Tahkenitch Creek. The creek passes under Route 101 into the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area west of the lake and meanders less than a mile into the Pacific. Of the creeks that enter the lake, only Fivemile Creek has named tributaries: Perkins, Harry, and Bell creeks.</p><br>
<p>A low dam at the west end of the lake was originally built to maintain a dependable supply of fresh water for a pulp mill in Gardiner. The lakes shape is dendritic, and several of its branches have names. Starting at the dam, the named branches in a clockwise progression around the lake are Shag Arm, Deer Arm, Big Arm, Catfish Cove, North Arm, Bear Trap Arm, Spike Arm, Fivemile Arm, Dismal Swamp, Cleves Cove, Cherry Arm, Mallard Arm, Bombard Bay, Bedolf Arm, and Bass Arms. The lakes two named islands are Weed and Jewitt, both toward the west end of the lake. Toward the east end, Leitel Marsh extends about 2 mi beyond the lake, and Fivemile Marsh extends about twice as far.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Most of the lake&#39;s basin consists of forest land dominated by Douglas fir, spruce, alder, and a variety of shrubs. About half of these forests have been logged at one time or another.</p><br>
<p>Fish in the lake include yellow perch, catfish, bluegill, smallmouth and largemouth bass, stocked rainbow trout and cutthroat trout, and a few coho salmon and steelhead (ocean-going rainbow trout). Heavy brush prevents sport fishing from the shore, but fishing from boats is feasible. A recreational vehicle (RV) resort at the lake rents boats and fishing tackle.</p><br>
<p>Brazilian waterweed limits the lake&#39;s usefulness. The weed, which has formed a dense mat over most of the lake bottom, hampers swimming, boating, and fishing. Introduced to the lake in the 1930s, it has resisted all attempts to control it.</p><br>
<p>The J.G. and Regina Long House, also known as Maple Grove Hill Farm, is a historic residence located southeast of Prairie City, Iowa, United States. Joseph Grayson "Joe" Long was a native of Greene County, Pennsylvania. He and his brother Jesse relocated to Jasper County, Iowa where they each bought extensive land holdings and farmed. Joe had married Mary Bussey in Pennsylvania, but she died before he relocated to Iowa. He married Regina Hiskey, a native of Richland County, Ohio. They had two sons. Mental illness plagued the family. Jesse committed suicide on his farm and Joe was institutionalized near the end of his life. He died here in 1901, and Regina died here in 1925. Their son Charles owned the farm from 1902 to 1934. This Italianate style house was originally built just outside of the city limits of Monroe, Iowa. The person who bought the property in 2012 didn&#39;t want the house so it was sold and relocated to a site similar to its historic rural setting in 2013, southeast of Prairie City. The Iowa State Historic Preservation Office assisted with the move. The two-story frame house follows an L-shaped plan. It features a double and triple bracketed cornice, and a two-story porch in the ell of the house. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Lynnville Mill and Dam, also known as Wagaman Mill, is a historic complex located in Lynnville, Iowa, United States. John Sparks relocated from Lee County to Jasper County in 1845. That year he began building a small paddle-wheel saw mill, which was completed the following year. In 1847 he began the construction of a grist mill, which he finished in 1848. This was the first mill in Jasper County. Jesse Arnold, who bought the mill in 1852, and his son Joseph replaced the paddle-wheel with a vertical drive hydraulic turbine in 1868. W.K. Wagaman bought the mill in 1898 and modernized the machinery, and his son Fred installed the concrete dam, and added an additional turbine and a wheel house in 1918-1919. He discontinued the grinding of wheat, which was no longer profitable, and focused on the production of animal feed, corn meal, and electricity. Fred&#39;s son Harris  took over the mill in 1946, and in 1958 completely electrified the operation. The Jasper County Conservation Board began restoring the wheel house of the mill to its original operating condition in 1973. The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The Lynnville Historical Society began repairing the mill building in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Strawberry Island is an uninhabited island in the Niagara River located in Erie County, New York, southeast of Grand Island. The 5 acre island is owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and is managed as a fish and wildlife preserve.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>Strawberry Island is located southeast of Grand Island, and is the dividing point for the east and west branches of the Niagara River. The horseshoe-shaped island includes a lagoon and emergent vegetation on its north side and stands of willow trees on its southern edge.</p><br>
<p>The 5 acre which is undeveloped. The island is managed as a fish and wildlife preserve in conjunction with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.</p><br>
<p>It is part of a small archipelago along with Frog Island, Motor Island and Little Beaver Island, all small islands located slightly downstream of Strawberry Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cultural history</h3><br>
<p>The name "Strawberry Island" is present in records as early as 1750, although the origin of the name is not clear. The island was used by British forces during the War of 1812 as a staging area for a siege of Buffalo in 1814, and was purchased from the Seneca in 1815.</p><br>
<p>A two-story hotel, including an 11 acre grove of trees and a canal, was built upon the island in 1882, however it soon faded and was dismantled by the end of the century as tourists were drawn to newer resorts on nearby Grand Island. The island passed through a succession of private owners during the following years, including several gravel mining corporations. Mining and dredging took place on and near the island during several periods between 1912 and 1950, greatly reducing the island&#39;s size and contributing to its horseshoe shape.</p><br>
<p>The island was sold to the Town of Tonawanda in 1953, who used it to aid nearby construction projects. It was transferred to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in 1989.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic and natural history</h3><br>
<p>Strawberry Island was likely formed by the deposition of glacial sediments around a small shale outcrop during the Pleistocene.</p><br>
<p>The size of Strawberry Island has varied greatly over time, and it is today a fraction of its former size. When first mapped in the early nineteenth century, the island was estimated to cover approximately 100 acre and consisted primarily of marshland. The islands size increased to 138 acre due to soil and rock deposits from the excavation of the Erie Canal in 1819, and further grew in 1908 with the addition of material generated from the construction of a canal lock in Black Rock. The island was estimated to be 200 acre in 1912, but was reduced to just 40 acres by 1948 due to unregulated gravel mining operations during the early and mid 1900s. The island was further diminished to 25 acre by 1950 as dredging was concentrated on the islands center, expanding its lagoon. The island continued to lose area due to erosion from high water levels and winter storms during the latter half of the 20th century. It was estimated to be 20 acre in 1987, and had further decreased to 5 acre by 2013.</p><br>
<p>Plans to stabilize and rehabilitate Strawberry Island, in addition to several nearby islands, were developed in 2007 as part of a coordinated habitat enhancement project funded by the New York Power Authority. Work was completed on Frog Island, a previously submerged 5 acre island located just downstream of Strawberry Island, in 2014. Ecosystem restoration work was completed on Motor Island and Little Beaver Island during the same time period. A $3.2 million contract was awarded to commence work on wetland rehabilitation and erosion control on Strawberry Island in March 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife habitat</h2><br>
<p>Strawberry Island bounds one edge of a 400 acre area of shallow river known as the "Strawberry Island – Motor Island Shallows", recognized as the Niagara River&#39;s largest riverine littoral zone, a valuable type of fish and wildlife habitat that is regionally rare. The shallows were found to be one of two major spawning areas for muskellunge in the Niagara River in the 1970s, as well as being productive habitat for other game fish species. The area is also recognized as an important overwintering area for waterfowl.</p><br>
<p>After several unsuccessful attempts, a pair of bald eagles was observed to successfully establish a nest on Strawberry Island in 2013, part of a recent resurgence in the bald eagle populations within the region. To encourage and protect nesting eagles, since 2016 portions of the island have been designated as off-limits during nesting season, and motorized boating has been restricted near the island.</p><br>
<p>Sermilik  is a fjord in eastern Greenland. It is part of the Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<p>The settlement of Tasiilaq is located about 15 km to the east of the mouth of the fjord.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This fjord, whose Greenlandic name Sermilik means place with glaciers is located at the southern end of King Christian IX Land, west of Ammassalik Fjord. It is one of the largest fjords in the southeastern coast of Greenland.</p><br>
<p>Its waters are fed by the Helheim Glacier, Fenris Glacier and Midgard Glacier among others. The fjord stretches inland in a roughly northern direction and splits into two branches at its head —at the southern limit of Schweizerland, the western one being the Helheim Fjord and the right one the Ningerti.</p><br>
<p>Sermilik&#39;s mouth is located between Kitak Island and Cape Tycho Brahe in the Denmark Strait area of the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Near the fjord&#39;s entrance on the western side there is the island of Qeertartivatsiaq at the mouth of Johan Petersen Fjord and its eastern branch, the Stoklund Fjord. Sermilik is surrounded by jagged mountainous landscape and its coast is mostly very irregular and steep.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially Fridtjof Nansen had thought that Sermilik would offer a route up to reach the ice cap for his projected westward overland crossing.</p><br>
<p>On 3 June 1888 Nansen&#39;s party was picked up from the north-western Icelandic port of Ísafjörður by Norwegian sealer Jason. A week later the Greenland coast was sighted, but progress was hindered by thick pack ice. On 17 July, with the coast still 20 km away, Nansen decided to launch the small boats; they were within sight of the Sermilik Fjord, which Nansen</p><br>
<p>The expedition left Jason "in good spirits and with the highest hopes of a fortunate result", according to Jason&#39;s captain. There followed days of extreme frustration for the party as, prevented by weather and sea conditions from reaching the shore, they drifted southwards with the ice. Most of this time was spent camping on the ice itself—it was too dangerous to launch the boats. By 29 July they were 380 km south of the point where they had left the ship. On that day they finally reached land, but were too far south to begin the crossing. After a brief rest, Nansen ordered the team back into the boats and to begin rowing north. In the end Nansen finally began his crossing at Umivik Bay.</p><br>
<p>Cairns Court House Complex is a heritage-listed site incorporating a former courthouse  and a former public administration building  at 38 - 40 Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1919 to 1921. It is also known as Cairns Regional Gallery and Cairns Public Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Cairns Regional Gallery</h2><br>
<p>The building is now home to the Cairns Regional Gallery. Opened in 1995, the Gallery features exhibitions of historical and contemporary art by leading regional, national and international artists, as well as exhibitions from its permanent collection that focuses on the cultural heritage of Far North Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Cairns Court House (erected 1919-21) and the Cairns Art Gallery (former Cairns Public Offices, erected 1934-1936) are located on a 2-acre site reserved since 1876 for police purposes. Both buildings were erected during the years between the First and Second World Wars, the third major phase of Cairns development, at which time the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated, and the city centre virtually re-built. Both are substantial masonry buildings, whose construction reflected Queensland Government confidence in the growth of Cairns as an important regional centre during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established officially in October 1876, as a port to service the newly discovered Hodgkinson goldfields. In this first phase of Cairns development there was a small flurry of building activity (mostly shanties and tent houses), but the town competed with both Cooktown and Port Douglas for the Hodgkinson trade, and made little progress until the establishment of a local sugar industry and the opening up of the Atherton Tablelands mineral fields, in the early 1880s. The 1885 announcement that Cairns was to be the terminus for the Herberton railway established the town as the principal port in the region. These boosts to the local economy in the 1880s generated a second building and development phase, during which the early temporary structures were replaced by more substantial timber buildings.</p><br>
<p>Whilst a number of masonry commercial buildings were erected in Cairns in the years immediately preceding the First World War, the third major phase of Cairns&#39; development was during the 1920s and 1930s. The Cairns hinterland Soldier Settlement Schemes of the 1920s, the completion of the North Coast rail link to Brisbane in 1924, the extensive re-building necessitated by a spate of cyclones in the 1920s, and the poor condition of earlier timber structures, combined to produce unprecedented building activity in Cairns. The city centre in particular is dominated by masonry structures of the 1920s and 1930s, and in this respect is markedly different from other Queensland towns and cities. Reinforced concrete was the preferred building material, but the Queensland Government chose to erect the important Public Offices in brick.</p><br>
<h3>Court House</h3><br>
<p>The 1919-21 building was the third court house erected in Cairns. An 1878 marine survey of Cairns harbour indicates that the first court house was located on the customs reserve, and may have shared the same premises as the first customs house. This probably was the temporary court house erected by the Works Department in Cairns in December 1877.</p><br>
<p>The "temporary" courthouse remained in use for several years, but was replaced during the second phase of Cairns&#39; development. In 1883 the Works Department prepared plans for a more substantial timber court house, which was erected in 1884 on the Esplanade, but facing Abbott Street, on the police reserve. At the time, it was considered to be very fine, the best erected building in Cairns, both in so far as appearance and design as well as in construction. By 1890, however, the local court had outgrown its court house, and the building was in a state of disrepair. Despite repeated comment from public and judicial circles alike that the court house at Cairns was the worst on the circuit, it was not replaced until the present building was completed late in 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, Alfred Barton Brady, Queensland Government Architect and Under Secretary for Public Works, finally acknowledged that the Cairns Court House was beyond renovation and that a new building was necessary. Plans were prepared in the government architect&#39;s office in 1918, working drawings were completed by January 1919, tenders for the supply of materials were called early in 1919, and construction was commenced in May that year. As a post-First World War initiative by the state government to create employment for returned servicemen, the new court house at Cairns was constructed using day labour, under the supervision of the District Foreman of Works, EJ Oakley. The construction period stretched over two and a half years, with the Cairns community attributing the slow progress of the building to the use of day labour.</p><br>
<p>Some of the joinery was made in government workshops in Brisbane and shipped to Cairns, but the remainder of the timber used in the construction was secured from the Cairns hinterland. Particularly impressive were the silky oak fittings in the court room. The roof was of fibrous-cement tiles with terracotta ridge capping. This roof was replaced with corrugated fibrous-cement roof sheeting in 1953, at which time the roof ventilators were removed.</p><br>
<p>By November 1921 the new court house, which had cost over £13,500, was completed, and the court room was used for the first time on 17 January 1922. From this first sitting, it was evident that although the room was well ventilated, the acoustics were poor due to the height of the ceiling. Not until 1959 was the problem rectified, with a false acoustic ceiling fixed to the existing beams.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the city&#39;s sesqui-centenary year, the Cairns Chamber of Commerce requested that the Queensland Government improve the Court House grounds. In January 1927, the Cairns City Council agreed that their gardener at Edge Hill would lay out the grounds, to include concrete kerbing around the oval in the centre, and garden tile edging. Government approval for funding the project was granted in January 1928, and the gardens were completed by early 1929. Concrete paths were laid in the grounds in 1946, and in 1949/50 the grounds were replanted.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the building was extended at a cost of approximately $53,000, with the extensions rendered to match the existing facades, and the roof re-clad with corrugated iron sheeting. The remodelling created a second court room and a magistrate&#39;s court.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the building was vacated when a new court house and police station complex opened in Sheridan Street, and remained unused until it was renovated as the Cairns Courthouse Hotel in 1998.</p><br>
<h3>Former Public Offices (Art Gallery)</h3><br>
<p>In 1929, the State Government Insurance Office (SGIO) requested that part of the Police Reserve at the corner of Shields and Abbott Streets, Cairns, be made available for the erection of a new SGIO office. In 1930, the Queensland Government Tourist Bureau submitted an identical request. In February 1933, the Public Service Commissioner reported on the requirements for an office building on the site, which would necessitate the re-location of the Senior Sergeants Residence and the Trackers Hut. In the same month, Cabinet approved that the Works Department erect an office building for and at the expense of the SGIO, and sketch plans were completed in April that year. By September 1933, however, the Public Service Commissioner had decided that the government would erected the building with general funding, and rent offices to various government departments.</p><br>
<p>Construction commenced in 1934, with the plans attributed to architect Raymond Clare Nowland of the government architects office. The new building was constructed mainly of hinterland materials, with bricks from Mareeba and joinery from Johnstons Stratford Sawmill. The principal offices and public spaces were wall-panelled and floored with local figured timbers as a promotion for North Queensland timber products. However, the leadlights were supplied by a Brisbane company, and the roof was clad originally with fibrous cement tiles supplied by Hardie & Co.</p><br>
<p>The new Public Offices occupied a prominent position at the intersection of Abbott and Shields Streets, which contained the conspicuous Cairns War Memorial. The building was designed to address both the adjacent court house and the newly established formal court house gardens, and the classical detailing of the facades re-affirmed the power and presence of government in the community. The building also was designed to be extended along Shields Street, with a repeat of the portico on the western end, but this planned extension was never undertaken.</p><br>
<p>The new Public Offices were completed by late March, 1936, and were opened officially in July that year. They had cost nearly £31,000. The principal ground floor tenant was the SGIO, with the Government Tourist Bureau occupying an office with display windows at the front. Other ground floor tenants included the Land Commission, Agricultural Bank, and Forestry officers. The principal occupant of the first floor was the Public Curator, along with the District Foreman of Works, Inspectors of Weights and Measures, Health, Slaughter Houses, Fruits and Diseases in Plants, and visiting tax inspectors and parliamentarians.</p><br>
<p>Late in 1936, the grounds around the new Public Offices were laid out, with concrete kerbing to match that in the court house gardens, and the lawn extended to the new building.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1950s the Government Tourist Bureau and the Department of Agriculture and Stock vacated the building, and the Works Department re-located some offices there in 1957. The SGIO vacated the building in 1969, following which the Public Curators Office moved to the ground floor, and the Valuer Generals Office occupied the whole of the first floor. In mid-1980, the Public Curators Office vacated the building, following which the interior was remodelled, and the ground floor occupied principally by offices of the Magistrates Courts. In 1992/93 the building was converted for use as the Cairns City Council&#39;s Fine Arts Gallery, now the Cairns Regional Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This complex, consisting of the Court House, Art Gallery and Abbott Street gardens, is located on the eastern corner of Abbott and Shields Streets within the Cairns central business district.</p><br>
<h3>Court House</h3><br>
<p>The Court House is a single-storeyed rendered masonry building, with a hipped corrugated iron roof, fronting the Abbott Street gardens to the southwest. The building is T-shaped in plan, with offices and subsidiary court rooms forming the western wing and the main court room forming the eastern wing. The central entrance of the western wing has a recessed porch with a slightly projecting facade surmounted by a stepped parapet with a curved pediment, cornice and a lion and unicorn crest. This is supported by two columns flanked by pilasters and a section of concrete balustrade to either side. The southwest facade comprises a series of triple window units separated by pilasters with an expressed base, jettied eaves and deep sills. Each window unit has a double casement with a single casement either side and panelled hoppers above. An extra bay has been added to the north and south ends providing chambers and toilet facilities.</p><br>
<p>This wing contains a central entry corridor flanked by offices with a court room to either side and chambers beyond these. Throughout this wing walls are rendered, suspended ceilings have been inserted and the original layout of spaces has been altered.</p><br>
<p>The central entrance of the eastern wing has a recessed porch with twin paired columns flanked by a single column to either side. The northwest facade has a double casement, with a panelled hopper above, to either side of the central porch and stepped parapets are located midway in the hipped roof revealing the corners of the main court room.</p><br>
<p>Verandahs are located on the southeast, northwest and between the eastern and western wings. These have timber posts on masonry upstands with timber batten balustrade between, arched timber valance, raked boarded ceilings and timber floors. Arched panelled windows with central hopper sections, lighting the main court room, are located above the verandah line with deep curved timber eave brackets. Below these are French doors, with panelled glass upper portions and hopper fanlights, and casement windows opening onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the main court room contains silky oak fittings including the Judges bench, which sits on a raised platform with a lion and unicorn crest on the wall behind, the prisoners dock, jury and press seating and gallery rail. French doors and casement windows are separated by plaster pilasters with cornices above. At the eastern end, former witness rooms are located on either side of main court room. The northern room contains a hardboard ceiling with timber cover strips and the southern room has had an extension to the south to provide toilet facilities.</p><br>
<p>A row of palm trees is located to the northeast of the building lining the driveway from The Esplanade. To the west of this building is the Art Gallery.</p><br>
<h3>Art Gallery</h3><br>
<p>The Art Gallery, a two-storeyed masonry structure with a corrugated iron gable roof, is located on the eastern corner of the site fronting Abbott and Shields Streets.</p><br>
<p>This Georgian Revival building was designed to be extended to the northeast along the Shields Street frontage, with a repeat of the portico on the western end of that facade, but this extension has never occurred. The building has glazed bricks with rendered quoining and opening surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical Abbott Street elevation, forming the main entry, consists of an Ionic central distyle in antis portico (receding into the building with two columns flanked by pilasters) on a rendered base with a circular window in the pediment. The recessed portico has a first floor balcony, with metal balustrade, off which open arched doorways and sash windows. The ground floor has a terrazzo portico floor and a central entry with rendered voussoir, with an arched window to either side which contain more recent aluminium framed glazing. The first floor has a casement window to either side of the portico.</p><br>
<p>The Shields Street elevation has a corner section similar to the Abbott Street elevation, but with a narrower portico forming a secondary entry and smaller arched windows to either side. The southern elevation, fronting the park, is similar again, but the ground floor portico is enclosed with an arched window, and the first floor has a recessed balcony.</p><br>
<p>The eastern wing is narrower than the corner section, with a columned two-storeyed verandah to both the northern and southern sides. French doors open off the first floor verandahs, and the ground floor has patterned terrazzo floors and a central entry with rendered voussoir on the northern side. The eastern elevation is rendered, with arched casement windows to the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor corner section of the building contains a central open space with a room to each corner which frame the porticos between. The western corner room contains an enclosed staircase which has a terrazzo floor and stair, an iron balustrade, timber panelled walls and a window display cabinet to Abbott Street. The remaining corner rooms are used as display spaces, of which the eastern and southern rooms have timber panelled walls and the northern room has a barred window from its use as a strong room. The central space has four large columns, a plastered coffered ceiling, sections of timber and glass partitioning, some timber panelling, a timber counter, sections of terrazzo flooring and arched leaded fanlights. The first floor corner section is similar in plan and finishes, but has toilets located in the eastern corner room and none of its timber and glass partitions survive.</p><br>
<p>The eastern wing contains a central entry with vestibule and staircase, with offices to either side and a corridor leading to the corner section of the building. The entry has double timber doors with an arched leaded fanlight, timber panelling, timber reception with pilasters and entablature, moulded plaster ceilings and a patterned terrazzo floor leading to the staircase. The staircase has a terrazzo stair, iron balustrading and timber panelling. Timber doors with leaded glass panels and arched fanlights lead into the administration offices at the eastern end, which have suspended ceilings and air conditioning, and to the corridor leading to the corner gallery at the western end. Offices opening off this corridor, now used as storerooms, contain timber shelving and suspended ceilings. The first floor contains service rooms at the eastern end, with display spaces towards the western corner section. An arch which originally accessed a passage at the top of the stair leading to the northwest verandah has been closed in.</p><br>
<p>To the east of this building is the Court House, with the Abbott Street gardens to the southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Abbott Street Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The Abbott Street gardens form the southwest entry to the court house. These consist of a series of sinuous concrete paths and concrete edgings enclosing areas of lawn with clusters of plants. Palm trees are strategically located within the lawn areas, with a row forming a border to Abbott Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cairns Court House Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Court House Complex survives as an important illustration of the growth and rebuilding of Cairns in the interwar years, when Cairns was transformed from a late 19th century town to a progressive, post-war city. In particular, the place illustrates State Government confidence in Cairns as an important regional centre after the First World War, without which confidence little of the city&#39;s spectacular growth at this time would have been possible. The complex has sustained a continued government presence in Cairns since the establishment of the town in 1876, in particular as the site of the Cairns Court House from 1884 to 1992.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In particular, the place illustrates State Government confidence in Cairns as an important regional centre after the First World War, without which confidence little of the city&#39;s spectacular growth at this time would have been possible.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Court House Complex, comprising a single-storeyed masonry Court House and two-storeyed masonry former Public Offices together with established gardens, imbue a formal expression of fine quality interwar public architecture adapted to suit a tropical climate. The classical detailing and interior finishes of the former Public Offices express a high quality of design and workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Court House Complex survives as an important illustration of the growth and rebuilding of Cairns in the interwar years, when Cairns was transformed from a late 19th century town to a progressive, post-war city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The complex has sustained a continued government presence in Cairns since the establishment of the town in 1876, in particular as the site of the Cairns Court House from 1884 to 1992.</p><br>
<p>Moel y Garnedd  is a hill within the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, North Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Summit View</h2><br>
<p>Moel y Garnedd is a member of the Arenig range, with Arenig Fawr lying approximately 4 mi to the west. It is the high point of an area of moorland known as the Gwastadros. On a clear day Snowdon and the Glyderau can be seen in a gap near Arenig Fach and Mynydd Nodol, 21 mi away. Carnedd y Filiast, Moel y Gydros and Moel Emoel are to the north / northeast, with the more distant Mwdwl-eithin on the Denbigh Moors peeking over the horizon, 12 mi away. To the east are the Clwydian Range summits of Moel y Gamelin and Moel Morfydd, along with Cyrn-y-Brain, a spur of Esclusham Mountain of which its twin radio towers are just discernible 22 mi away on a clear day. Cadair Berwyn and Bala Lake are to the east / southeast, and to the southwest is Aran Benllyn, Cadair Idris and Dduallt. The furthest feature visible is Fron Hafod hill, within the Llandegla Forest, 22 mi distant.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>A scenic route to the summit begins in nearby Bala and takes approximately two to three hours for a round trip. The summit is marked by an Ordnance Survey trig point.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Hall and the Laurel Glen Mausoleum form a historic estate property on Vermont Route 103 in Shrewsbury, Vermont. Built between 1880 and 1882, the estate includes examples of high style Queen Anne architecture in the main house and some outbuildings, and includes a distinctive Egyptian Revival mausoleum, all built by John Porter Bowman, a prominent local businessman. The properties were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Laurel Hall estate is located astride Route 103, just south of the village of Cuttingsville. The property includes a main house and carriage barn on landscaped grounds on the west side of the road, and a caretakers house, conservatory, and mausoleum on the east side. The main house is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with complex massing and roof line typical of the Queen Anne period. Prominent features include a three-story tower with elaborate trim and balconies on the upper levels, and a full-width porch extending across the front. The house stands at the back of a landscaped semicircular drive, with marble fenceposts at its entrances. The carriage barn, located near the southern end of the loop, is decorated in a manner similar to the house.</p><br>
<p>Roughly opposite the house on the west side of Route 103 stands the mausoleum, set raised above the roadway, with a dressed ashlar granite retaining wall below. It is a rectangular structure with walls that slope inward, and are capped by a gabled roof. The entrance faces the road, set in a rectangular opening with curved corners. Stairs ascend from the sides to reach it, with an urned railing wall in front. Similar urn-like decorations adorn both the roof of the mausoleum and the retaining wall in front of it.</p><br>
<p>John Porter Bowman, for whom Laurel Hall was built, was a native of Clarendon who made a fortune in the tanning and leather industry, supplying the Union Army during the American Civil War. Two of his daughters died young (in 1854 and 1879) and his wife died in 1880. The grief-stricken Boardman had the mausoleum built as a memorial to them in 1880, and it was an instant sensation and tourist attraction. Laurel Hall was built to a design by G.B. Croff, and was his summer residence and retirement home until his death in 1891.</p><br>
<p>Greenfield Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenfield, Hancock County, Indiana. The district encompasses 72 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Greenfield that developed between about 1835 and 1935. The focal point of the district is the Romanesque Revival style Hancock County Courthouse  and Second Empire style jail. Other notable buildings are the Riley School , A.J. Banks Building / Morgan Building , Randall Block , Christian Church , Bradley Methodist Church , First Presbyterian Church , Carnegie Library , Andrew Jackson Banks House , D.H. Goble House , and Walpole House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Greenfield Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Greenfield, Hancock County, Indiana. The district encompasses 523 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 15 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Greenfield. It developed between about 1880 and 1947, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Mission Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Charles Barr House and James Whitcomb Riley House. Other notable buildings are St. Michael&#39;s Catholic Church , Shiloh Primitive Baptist Church , Chair Factory , Friends Meeting House , and two Lustron houses .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Emerson Hough Elementary School is a historic complex located in Newton, Iowa, United States. It was the first school in the state to employ the Platoon system of education. In this system students spent half of their day studying fundamental subjects and the other half studying specialty subjects like art. Enrollment in the local public schools increased 57 percent between 1923 and 1927. The district could not afford to build the number schools required using a traditional education system, but they could house twice the number of students in a single building using the Platoon system. The school was named for Newton native Emerson Hough, who wrote novels about the American West and co-founded the Izaak Walton League. The two-story brick Italian Renaissance Revival structure was built in 1927. The building was expanded to the north in 1993, and at that time the interior was extensively renovated. Only the gymnasium and the front central hallway were not altered. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Eighter Island is a small island and a townland off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland. The closest town on the mainland is Burtonport.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is located around one km east of Arranmore and North-West of Inishcoo, another small island divided by narrow channels from Rutland and the mainland. A foothbridge connects the two islets, both known for pleasant sandbeaches.</p><br>
<p>The inner part of Eighter Island is mainly rocky and the most convenient landing sites are in the southern part of it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A small community used to live on Eighter Island in the first part of the 20th century, but today the island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>Some of the old houses are used as holiday homes, mostly concentrated in the south-eastern part of the island.</p><br>
<p>Byal Orchard Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located northeast of Mingo, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It includes four strands of top-worked apple trees that were planted 1933 to 1934, and a windbreak of Ash and Mulberry trees that were planted in 1936. They both count as the sites, and the structure is a network of traffic corridors that were established 1933 to 1934. Its historic significance comes from the symbiotic relationship between science and practice in Iowa agriculture. They used planting techniques that were advocated by researchers at Iowa State College, now Iowa State University, and carried out by progressive fruit growers like Hugh and Roscoe Byale. In this instance they employed Hibernal root stock and top-work grafting. The Armistice Day Blizzard in 1940 wiped out most of Iowa&#39;s apple orchards, but it validated the techniques employed here.</p><br>
<p>Kent Union Chapel and Cemetery is a historic building and cemetery located north of Brooklyn, Iowa, United States. They are named for the Kent family who moved to Poweshiek County from Putnam County, Indiana in 1853. They acquired property near Joseph Enochs who had arrived a year earlier. He and his wife Betsey donated a parcel of land for the cemetery in 1858. Moses Kent Sr. took possession of the land around the cemetery the following year and the area became identified with the Kent family after that. By 1870 a school was built next to the cemetery, and both took the Kent name. The schoolhouse was also a community center where a variety of local functions were held, including church services and Sunday school classes. Because of a reorganization of the county&#39;s public schools, it was relocated a mile to the northeast in 1907. The following year the Kent Cemetery Aid Society was established by area women. They were Protestants, Catholics and some claimed no religious affiliation. They decided to replace the schoolhouse with a union chapel. They signed a 50 year lease for the land, and held a variety of fundraisers to raise the money to build the chapel. Many Brooklyn businesses donated materials for the project. It was dedicated May 23, 1909. The chapel and cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Southern Sermilik  is a fjord in southwestern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Kujalleq municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The fjord is oriented in a roughly NE/SW direction, to the southwest the Southern Sermilik Fjord opens into the Labrador Sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It separates two long mountainous peninsulas, the mountains on the northwestern side of the fjord rising steeply from the shore to heights of over 2,000 m, and the 1,590 m high Napasorsuaq peak rising in the peninsula to the east of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>The islands of Amitsok and Angmalortoq —the latter rising to a height of 1,253 m— lie at the mouth of the fjord. There are further islands beyond them, Sermersooq Island being the largest.</p><br>
<p>The Sermeq Glacier at the inland end of this fjord has been undergoing a well documented recession in recent history. A similar retreat of the glacier at the fjord&#39;s head has been documented in neighbouring Tasermiut Fjord as well.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Ivar Haug (2005). UBiT (Trondheim University Library),</p><br>
<p>The Land&#39;s End Historic District encompasses a well-preserved enclave of summer residences built in the early 20th century in the Port Clyde area of St. George, Maine. Developed between 1907 and 1919 by Russell W. Porter, it includes an architecturally eclectic mix of modestly scaled cottages. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of St. George occupies a peninsula and islands on the west side of Penobscot Bay in the Mid Coast region of southern Maine. The southernmost mainland tip of the peninsula is Marshall Point, where the Marshall Point Light is located. The finger of land between the lighthouse and the village of Port Clyde is where the Land&#39;s End colony is located. The colony, unlike other such developments on the Maine coast, consists of a collection of stylistically diverse summer houses. Although the Shingle and Craftsman styles predominate, there are also fine examples of the English Colonial Revival and the French chalet style.</p><br>
<p>The Lands End colony was founded in 1907 by Russell W. Porter, an artist, amateur astronomer, and Arctic explorer. After participating in a series of Arctic exploratory expeditions, Porter sought a retreat where he engage pursuits in astronomy and art, and chose the area south of the fishing village of Port Clyde. He spent $950 to purchase the entire peninsula, platted it out for development, and built a number of the cottages. He specifically sought to harmonize the buildings with the surrounding environment, including natural features such as pergolas finished in tree bark, and unfinished wooden interiors. Porters own house, a stone structure in the English Revival style, includes a rounded section in which he intended to mount a telescope. Porter&#39;s experiment came to an end in 1919, when he left for California to assist in the construction of the Mount Palomar Observatory.</p><br>
<p>Wendameen is a historic schooner normally berthed at the Maine State Pier on Commercial Street in Portland, Maine. She is a two-masted auxiliary rigged schooner, built in 1912 by the noted naval architect John G. Alden. She is now owned and operated by the Portland Schooner Company, which offers sailing tours of Casco Bay, using Wendameen and Bagheera. Wendameen was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wendameen is a wooden two-masted auxiliary schooner, measuring 67 ft in length, with a 51 ft deck and a 17 ft beam. She is rigged with a gaff-headed schooner rig. She is fitted below decks with staterooms trimmed in mahogany, and has a rated carrying capacity of 41 passengers.</p><br>
<p>Wendameen was built in 1912 for businessman Chester Bliss by John G. Alden. She was built at the Adams Shipyard in East Boothbay, Maine. She is the twenty-first recreational fisherman design executed by Alden, and is one of the oldest to survive. In 1915 Bliss sold her to Erwin C. Uihlein, who sailed her for about 20 years on the Great Lakes. In 1933 she was purchased by Gerald W. Ford, a yacht dealer. Hauled out and partially restored, she languished on land until being sold in 1985 to Neal Parker. Parker gave her a full restoration, and began using her for "windjammer" cruises, based out of Camden, Maine. She is now owned by the Portland Schooner Company, and is used for charters and two-hour cruises out of Portland.</p><br>
<p>Sugar Grove Meetinghouse and Cemetery is a historic Quaker meeting house and cemetery located in Guilford Township, Hendricks County, Indiana. The meeting house was built in 1870, and enlarged in the late-1870s or early-1880s. It is a one-story, rectangular brick building with a gable roof and connected to other buildings by a covered porch. Also on the property are the contributing school house, privy, and storage shed. The cemetery includes burials dating from the 1840s to 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse interior is split into two rooms of the same size and layout for male and female congregants. The partition wall between them has wooden panels which can be opened or closed.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. As of 2013, the meetinghouse was used occasionally by a local Quaker group and had been restored without modern plumbing, lights, or air conditioning.</p><br>
<p>Linden Terrace is a historic house at 191 Grove Street in Rutland, Vermont. Built in 1912 as a summer estate for a prominent businessman, it is one of the finer surviving summer houses of the period in southern Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It now houses senior and assisted living apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Linden Terrace is located in what is now a residential area of the northwestern part of the city of Rutland. It is a rectangular estate, bounded on the south by Grove Street, the north by Holly Lane, and the west by Linden Street, where the vehicular entrance is located. The property includes a large main house, a carriage barn, and a small garden house. The main house is a sprawling 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, capped by a 1-1/2 story gambrel roof, with Shingle and Colonial Revival features. It has a roughly symmetrical main facade, the symmetry only disturbed by the projecting porte-cochere at the left corner. The rear section of the house is less symmetrical, with a variety of dormers and projecting sections. The port-cochere post foundations and the skirting of the front porch are gray marble, which was also used for the foundation. The interior, despite its conversion to apartments, retains a substantial amount of original woodwork and decorative elements. The carriage barn is built in a similar style to the main house.</p><br>
<p>The estate was built in 1912 for Herman Vaughan, director of a New York paper company who had married into a Rutland family. Originally intended as a summer estate, Vaughan moved here permanently in 1920, and it was his home until his death in 1950. The house is featured in what is believed to be the first feature film shot in Vermont, the 1916 A Vermont Romance. Arthur H. Smith, who designed the house, was one of Vermont&#39;s leading architects of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Lake 69  is a small lake near of the city of Huaraz, in the region of Áncash, Peru. It is one of the more than 400 lakes that form part of the Huascarán National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site. In the thaw season, the lake is nourished by a waterfall from Chacraraju.</p><br>
<p>Its name is came from the fact that the lake did not have a name before the Huascaran National Park was created in 1975. The need to include all of the lakes of the proposed park into a list forced authorities to give a number-based names to those without a traditional name such as the lakes Allicocha, Auquiscocha or Palcacocha, had a names in Hispanicized Quechua).</p><br>
<p>It is one of the more important tourist destinations of the region, visited mainly by fans of hiking and mountaineering, given the simple access and the spectacular scenery. The hiking route to the lagoon starts from the Cebolla Pampa campground and runs along the brook that runs down from the same lake, and forms several waterfalls and cataracts.</p><br>
<p>The Dangri , originating in Siwalik Hills, is a tributary of Ghaggar river in of Haryana state of India.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and route</h2><br>
<p>The Dangri is a small stream that rises in the Siwalik Hills of south-eastern Himachal Pradesh in India.</p><br>
<p>It flows south where it is joined by two other streams, the Markanda and the Sarsuti, before joining the Ghaggar river near the village of Rasula.</p><br>
<p>It is thereafter known as the Ghaggar. Further downstream on the banks of the Ghaggar stands an old derelict fort named Sarsuti.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that Sarsuti is a corruption of the word Sarasvati and that the 6–8 km wide channel of the Sarsuti–Ghaggar system might have once been the Sarasvati River mentioned in the Rig Veda.</p><br>
<p>The William Manatt House, also known as the Brooklyn Historical Museum, is a historic dwelling located in Brooklyn, Iowa, United States. It is associated with the settlement of the town. Manatt and his father Robert moved from Holmes County, Ohio and settled in Poweshiek County in 1848. The farmstead they developed eventually became the city of Brooklyn. His father laid out most of the town in 1855. William sold property to the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad for a $1, and it reached Brooklyn in 1862. He granted land to the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1869. Manatt owned several businesses in town, which were run by various family members, and he owned an estate that grew to 1,500 acre of land. The two-story frame structure features Italianate elements, especially the tall, segmentally arched windows and hooded crowns. Dental molding is found on the cornice. The porch that encircles half of the house is not original. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Hundvåg is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The island is located in the borough of Hundvåg, just north of the city centre of Stavanger, separated by the Byfjorden. The 4.7 km&sup2; island is relatively flat and very urbanized. There were 9803 residents of the island in 2014. There is some agricultural areas as well as a lot of industry. The small island of Buøy is connected to the south side of Hundvåg by a small man-made isthmus. Hundvåg Church is located on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Hundvåg is connected to the mainland by a series of bridges connecting the islands of Buøy to Engøy to Sølyst to Grasholmen and then over the Stavanger City Bridge to the mainland of the city. Hundvåg Tunnel is currently under construction (as of 2016) and it will go under the sea and islands from the mainland of Stavanger to the northern part of Hundvåg island. Ryfast subsea tunnel will continue with Ryfylke Tunnel which also being built from Hundvåg under the fjord to the east connecting the island to Strand municipality about 15 km away.</p><br>
<p>The Indori river , is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range from Sikar district and flows through Alwar district of Rajasthan to Rewari district of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of Sahibi River. In Delhi, it is called the Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh Nallah.</p><br>
<h2>Indus Valley Civilisation Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>Despite the fact that the present day channel through which Sahibi River meanders is mostly arid with seasonal rainfalls, this river and its tributaries were the site of the flourishing Indus Valley Civilization. Throughout the course of its river bed, artifacts have been unearthed that indicates a vibrant community. Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthernware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. INTACH-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed at Hansaka in the Rewari district. A red stone statue of Vamana Dev was found in the Sahibi riverbed near Bawal in 2002; the statue is now displayed at the Shri Krishna Museum, Kurukshetra. Other artifacts discovered in the Sahibi River include arrowheads, fishhooks, appearheads, awls, and chisels.</p><br>
<h2>Identification with Vedic rivers</h2><br>
<p>Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the Sarasvati river and the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period, on the banks of which Indus-Sarasvati civilisation developed. such scholars include Bhargava The Drishadwati River formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta and was mentioned in the Rigveda, the Manusmriti, and the Brahmin Granths texts.</p><br>
<p>IVC-major-sites-2.jpgIndus-Sarasvati civilisation major sites</p><br>
<p>The Krishnavati river , also called Kasaunti , is a rain-fed river originates from Aravalli Range near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, and flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district and then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana where it use to be a tributary of Sahibi River, which in turn still is a tributary of Yamuna. Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites  have been found along the banks of Krishnavati, Sahibi river, Dohan river  and Sota River . The drainage pattern for all these rivers is dendritic.</p><br>
<h2>Basin</h2><br>
<p>The western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan and southern Haryana forms the basin of this river. The drainage pattern is dendritic.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>These west to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region, drain into southern Haryana.</p><br>
<p>Sahibi River, originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana, along with its following tributaries:</p><br>
<p>Dohan river, tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district).</p><br>
<p>Sota River, tributary of Sahibi river, merges with Sahibi river at Behror in Alwar district.</p><br>
<p>Krishnavati river, former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district, then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi river.</p><br>
<h2>Indus Valley Civilisation archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthernware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. INTACH-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed at Hansaka in the Rewari district. A red stone statue of Vamana Dev was found in the Sahibi riverbed near Bawal in 2002; the statue is now displayed at the Shri Krishna Museum, Kurukshetra. Other artifacts discovered in the Sahibi River include arrowheads, fishhooks, appearheads, awls, and chisels.</p><br>
<h2>Identification with Vedic rivers</h2><br>
<p>Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the Sarasvati river and the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period, on the banks of which Indus-Sarasvati civilisation developed. such scholars include Bhargava The Drishadwati River formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta and was mentioned in the Rigveda, the Manusmriti, and the Brahmin Granths texts.</p><br>
<p>IVC-major-sites-2.jpgIndus-Sarasvati civilisation major sites</p><br>
<p>Ghaggar river in Panchkula.jpgGhaggar river flowing through Panchkula in Haryana</p><br>
<p>The Dohan river , is a rain-fed river that originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana where it use to be a tributary of Sahibi River, which in turn is a still flowing tributary of Yamuna.</p><br>
<p>Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites (also identified as late Harappan phase of Indus Valley Civilisation culture) have been found along the banks of Krishnavati river, Sahibi river, Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi river) and Sota River (another tributary of sahibi river that merges with Sahibi at Behror in Alwar district).</p><br>
<h2>Basin</h2><br>
<p>The Dohan river originates from Aravalli Range Mandoli village from the western slopes of the Dohan Protected Forest hills and flows towards north-east. The Krishnavati river, another independent River, flows north-east for about 42 km in Rajasthan and subsequently disappears</p><br>
<p>in Haryana. The drainage pattern for both is dendritic.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>These west to north-west flowing rivers originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan, flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region, drain into southern Haryana.</p><br>
<p>Sahibi River, originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana, along with its following tributaries:</p><br>
<p>Dohan river, tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district).</p><br>
<p>Sota River, tributary of Sahibi river, merges with Sahibi river at Behror in Alwar district.</p><br>
<p>Krishnavati river, former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district, then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi river.</p><br>
<h2>Indus Valley Civilisation archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the Harappan and pre-Mahabharata periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthernware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. INTACH-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed at Hansaka in the Rewari district. A red stone statue of Vamana Dev was found in the Sahibi riverbed near Bawal in 2002; the statue is now displayed at the Shri Krishna Museum, Kurukshetra. Other artifacts discovered in the Sahibi River include arrowheads, fishhooks, appearheads, awls, and chisels.</p><br>
<h2>Identification with Vedic rivers</h2><br>
<p>Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the Sarasvati river and the Sahibi River with the Drishadvati river of Vedic period, on the banks of which Indus-Sarasvati civilisation developed. such scholars include Bhargava The Drishadwati River formed one border of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta and was mentioned in the Rigveda, the Manusmriti, and the Brahmin Granths texts.</p><br>
<p>IVC-major-sites-2.jpgIndus-Sarasvati civilisation major sites</p><br>
<p>Central Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel and now shopping centre at 39 - 49 Lake Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tunbridge, Tunbridge & Lynch and built from 1908 to 1909 by W Phillips. It is also known as Central Building and Central Court. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed masonry building was erected in 1908-09 for Cairns businessman William John Munro, who acquired the land in 1900. This site previously housed a small branch of the Bank of North Queensland and various other small shops fronting Lake Street.</p><br>
<p>WJ Munro was born in New Zealand, to Scottish parents. As a youth he spent some time in Victoria before travelling north to Herberton, and then Cairns, in the early 1880s. A self-made man, Munro acquired, along with partners R & J Gordon, large pastoral holdings in North Queensland, and established Munro & Gordon and WJ Munro & Co., wholesale and retail butchers of Cairns, with large meatworks and meat exporting operations. His other North Queensland business interests included sugar, mining, dairying and real estate. He was a prominent and well-liked citizen, and chairman of the Cairns Shire Council from 1898 until his early death in Sydney in March 1912, at the age of 48. When news was received in Cairns of his death, flags on the public buildings and shipping were flown at half mast.</p><br>
<p>Munro commissioned the North Queensland and Melbourne architectural firm of Tunbridge, Tunbridge & Lynch to design the Central building, which was to contain a hotel and a number of shops and offices. Charles Dalton Lynch, based in Townsville, was the North Queensland partner, and the firm had a branch office in Cairns. Their work in Cairns at this time included the Harbour Board Offices and the Cairns School of Arts, both erected in 1907, and the rebuilding of the Court House Hotel, erected in 1908 a little ahead of the Central.</p><br>
<p>At the time of construction, the Central Hotel was considered palatial and one of the most imposing buildings in Cairns. It had fine views of Trinity Inlet and the surrounding hills, and itself was prominently visible to passengers alighting from the coastal steamers. Located in the new heart of the Cairns commercial district, (the name Central was considered particularly apt), the hotel was erected during the redevelopment of the Lake-Spence Street area which redefined the commercial centre of Cairns. Adjacent buildings erected at this period include the former Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd Building (1910) and Bolands Building (1913-14).</p><br>
<p>Erected by Cairns builder W Phillips, the Central Hotel comprised bar and parlours on the ground floor, with expansive verandah, dining room, kitchen & serving rooms, sitting room, 27 guest bedrooms, bathrooms, and accommodation for the lessee and staff, on the first floor. The dining room, which featured a domed roof and glass front to the verandah, could accommodate 100 diners.</p><br>
<p>The first lessee of the Central Hotel was James Watters, former licensee of the Federal Hotel in Cairns, who obtained the licence in February 1909 and commenced trade about April that year. At the Central Hotel, Watters and his wife created one of the best appointed hotels in Far North Queensland, catering in particular to travellers and visitors.</p><br>
<p>The property remained in the Munro-Martin-Mowder family until 1959, and publican James Kipps held the lease from 1924 until 1945. In 1924 he commissioned Cairns architects HR Lawrence & TMW Lordan to design alterations to the main bar.</p><br>
<p>The Central building remained substantially intact until 1975, when the ground floor interior was remodelled and some alterations were made to the first floor interior. In 1988, Fricker Developments (Qld) Pty Ltd undertook a major redevelopment of the building, converting it into a shopping court with 17 ground floor shops, and a first floor entertainment facility which included lounges, bars and a restaurant. Despite this re-working of the interior spaces, the decorative exterior was retained as a popular Cairns landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Central Court, located on the northwestern corner of Lake and Spence Streets, is a two-storeyed rendered masonry structure with verandahs to both street frontages.</p><br>
<p>The building exhibits Art Nouveau and Federation influences in its design. Decorative parapets provide a prominent skyline feature, with an asymmetrical combination of piers surmounted by cupolas projecting above, with curved gables and a cylindrical corner tower with cupola. Both street frontages have the words THE CENTRAL HOTEL placed centrally in relief.</p><br>
<p>Verandahs have timber posts, with the first floor having curved timber brackets and valance, a corrugated iron skillion awning and wrought iron balustrade. The ground floor has lattice spandrel panels, some of which are arched, and partially turned timber posts. Both verandahs have a centrally positioned void space with timber balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has been extensively altered and rebuilt. The ground floor has an L-shaped arcade, with entrances positioned centrally on both street frontages, with a large central eating area and central stair under a clerestory skylight.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains a nightclub at the southern end with a restaurant to the north. Both have access to the verandah via French doors, with the southern corner having been enclosed to form office space.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Central Court was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Central Court is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, being associated with the early 20th century re-development of the area around the intersection of Lake and Spence Streets in Cairns, including construction of the Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd Building (1910) and Bolands Building (1913–14), which re-defined the commercial centre of Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Cairns community, in particular: the contribution of the building, through scale, form and materials, to the Lake and Spence Streets streetscapes and Cairns townscape; the highly decorative and intact parapets and verandahs; and its landmark quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with important Cairns businessman and local politician WJ Munro, and as evidence of the commercial work of the architectural firm Tunbridge, Tunbridge & Lynch, which executed a significant body of work in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd Building is a heritage-listed office building at 37 Lake Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1910 by Wilson & Baillie. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed masonry building was erected in 1910 for the Adelaide Steamship Company Limited, as their new Cairns offices.</p><br>
<p>The Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd, established in Adelaide in 1875, entered the Queensland coastal trade in 1893 with a weekly service to Brisbane. By 1895 it had established an agency in Cairns, which was emerging as a major port servicing Far North Queenslands developing mineral, pastoral and sugar industries. About 1905, the company established a branch in Cairns, possibly in rented premises. The present site was acquired in 1907 by James Harvey, chairman of the Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd from 1888 to 1915. In 1909, Cairns architect Harvey George Lloyd Draper handled the tendering process for the companys new offices in Cairns, but it is not clear whether he carried out the design. The building was designed in the newly developed Arts and Crafts manner, established in Europe and adapted to the Cairns tropical climate. The building was erected during 1910 by Cairns contractors Wilson & Baillie, at a cost of £2,970, and was opened on 12 December 1910. Its location, at the corner of Lake and Spence Streets, boosted commercial development along Spence Street.</p><br>
<p>The new offices were constructed towards the end of a buoyant economic period when the principal Australian shipping companies - the Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd, the Australian United Steam Navigation Co. Ltd (Burns, Philp & Company Ltd) and the Howard Smith Company Ltd - vied for the lucrative Queensland coastal trade in passengers and cargo. Their construction reflected the Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd&#39;s growing importance to the economic prosperity of North Queensland, in particular the Cairns region, through its involvement in the sugar, coal and passenger trade.</p><br>
<p>The Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd sold the building in 1964. In 1976 it was purchased by the present owners. Some of the concrete balustrading on the verandahs, and an office on the street corner of the building have been removed, and some timber windows have been removed or relocated.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Adelaide Steam Ship building is a single-storeyed rough- rendered masonry structure, located on the corner of Lake and Spence Street at the southwestern edge of the Cairns Central business district. It reflects a strong Arts and Crafts influence in its design and detailing.</p><br>
<p>The building has a corrugated iron roof with shaped end gables and sprocketted eaves, which are supported by curved metal brackets and pierced by tapering piers with shallow ogee shaped gablets above. The corner and end piers are surmounted by spheres.</p><br>
<p>The building has arcaded verandahs to both street frontages, consisting of five bays to Lake Street and three to Spence Street, with large rounded fabric awnings attached. There is a shallow ogee shaped central gable to Lake Street, which originally surmounted the entry but now houses a recessed window, with the words THE ADELAIDE STEAMSHIP CO LTD in relief and a sculpture of one of their vessels above. Sections of concave solid balustrade have been removed to provide access to a relocated corner entry, and end bays have timber framed casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The Spence Street facade culminates with a wall return housing a keyhole shape gateway with scroll detail above, and a service drive with gates beside. A toilet block and carport are located at the rear. Internally, the building has been refurbished.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd Building is important in contributing to our understanding of the evolution of Cairns as the major port of Far North Queensland in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is significant as a rare example of an Arts and Crafts building in Cairns, which has been particularly designed to accommodate the tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Cairns community, in particular: the scale, form, materials and composition of architectural elements, designed in the newly developed Arts and Craft manner established in Europe and appropriately adapted to the Cairns tropical climate; and the contribution to the streetscapes of Lake and Spence streets and to the Cairns townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd, which made a major contribution to the economic development of Far North Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Barrier Reef Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Lawrence and Lordan in conjunction with Richard Hill built in 1926 by Carl Peter Jorgensen. It was also known as Empire Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 July 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Barrier Reef (formerly Empire) Hotel, a two-storeyed reinforced concrete building, was erected in 1926 for PJ Doyle Ltd, wine and spirit merchants of Cairns and Thursday Island. The architects were Lawrence and Lordan in conjunction with Richard Hill, both Cairns-based firms. The building replaced an earlier Empire Hotel on the site, opened in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The Barrier Reef Hotel is situated at the corner of Abbott and Wharf Streets on what was formerly Section II of the 1876 Cairns Town Plan - the survey point from which the town of Cairns was laid out was fixed at this corner just 0.5 metre from the present building. On the opposite side of Abbott Street the Government Reserve was established. Close to the earliest wharves, this end of Abbott Street developed during the last quarter of the 19th century as the principal business and administrative district of Cairns, composed principally of government offices, warehouses, shipping agents offices and hotels. The latter catered for local office and wharf workers, as well as for travellers arriving by the coastal steamers. Little of this districts 19th century structures survive, the area being largely re-built in the first four decades of the 20th century as wharf facilities expanded to cater for the emergence of Cairns as a major sugar port. And of the buildings extant in this district by the late 1930s - Burns Philp Building, Joseph Pease Building, Jack and Newell Building, Consolidated Fertilizers Building and a string of working- class hotels: the Australian, Criterion, Mining Exchange, Oceanic, Royal and Empire (later the Barrier Reef) - only the Barrier Reef Hotel and the former Jack and Newell Building remain to perpetuate the association of this part of the city with its waterfront origins.</p><br>
<p>Patrick J Doyle, for whom the second Empire Hotel was built, had established business as an accountant, commission agent and general agent at Thursday Island in 1889, and was clerk of the Torres Divisional Board from at least 1890 until. By 1894, Doyle had entered into wine and spirit wholesaling, moving his main office to Cairns, and maintaining a branch office at Thursday Island. About 1921 he formed a limited liability company, and in the same year acquired title to the first Empire Hotel site and to the land between the hotel and the corner of Wharf and Abbot Streets. PJ Doyle Ltd appears to have been successful, with new Cairns offices and bulk store being constructed for the firm, 1925-26.</p><br>
<p>PJ Doyle Ltd&#39;s construction in 1926 of the second, more substantial Empire Hotel reflected local confidence in the growth of Cairns as an important regional centre. Revenue generated through the Port of Cairns had risen from £12,000 in 1906 to £55,456 in 1926, outstripping both Townsville and Rockhampton. In the mid-1920s the Cairns Harbour Board announced plans to erect additional wharf facilities - a new reinforced concrete wharf, 400 ft long, with rail approach and large shed - which was constructed 1928-29. With its status as the principal port of Far North Queensland being consolidated during the interwar period, Cairns underwent rapid development, and the city centre was largely re-built.</p><br>
<p>In April 1925 the Cairns licensing court condemned the first Empire Hotel building, refusing to renew the license unless the place was demolished and replaced with a brick or concrete structure by 30 September 1925. PJ Doyle Ltd could well have erected offices or warehouses instead, but the company chose to retain the hotel business, indicating their confidence in the ability of the wharf district to support yet another expensive new hotel. Their decision to invest in building a new Empire Hotel appears to have been linked with the development of Cairns at this period.</p><br>
<p>Work on the new Empire (to cost £10,000) had started by April 1926, the contractor being Carl Peter Jorgensen of Cairns. The building was well underway by September that year, and the hotel was open for business by February 1927. The ground floor contained a public bar, dining room, kitchen and one shop fronting Abbott Street; the first floor was taken up with bedrooms and bathrooms. It was a plain and modest hotel, catering mainly for business and working people. During the 1930s the hotel was used extensively by the travelling public, averaging 105 guests per week in 1936. During the Second World War the Royal Australian Air Force occupied part of the hotel, from early 1943 until mid-1945.</p><br>
<p>In late 1938 the Empire Hotel site was transferred to Northern Australian Breweries Ltd, who held the title until 1960. PJ Doyle Wines & Spirits Pty Ltd maintained a close connection with the Empire after 1938, firstly as a mortgagor, and from 1 December 1959 until as the lessee. A variety of sub-lessees, (often the owners of the property), operated the hotel during this latter period.</p><br>
<p>Both the first and second Empire hotels maintained a strong association with the workers on the wharves across the road. Reputedly, during the 1950s, when Cairns&#39; sugar handlers were working round-the-clock in three eight hour shifts, the Empire Hotel remained open 24 hours a day. The name was changed to the Barrier Reef Hotel in May 1960, possibly reflecting the burgeoning prawning and fishing industry based in Cairns from the late 1950s. During the 1960s and early 1970s the hotel fell into disrepair, with the license suspended briefly in 1974. Since the mid-1970s the hotel and adjacent sites, including the former Jack & Newell Building, have been amalgamated as a re-development site. The building still functions as an hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Barrier Reef Hotel is situated on the corner of Wharf and Abbott Streets, Cairns. The floor plan of the building responds to the trapezoidal shape of the site where the grid layout of the city meets Trinity Inlet. The building is constructed in reinforced concrete, with timber floors and corrugated iron roofing. Windows and doors are of timber.</p><br>
<p>The building is two-storeyed with a wide verandah attached to parapet walls running along Wharf and Abbott Streets. The verandah is supported on heavy timber posts evenly spaced with the posts each side of the corner at the street intersection missing, which is an original feature. The verandah has a plain slatted balustrade at first floor level and below this a later skirt with segmental profile of slatted boards between the supporting posts. The verandah has been enclosed at first floor level along Abbott Street.</p><br>
<p>The parapet wall is finished at the top with a heavy cornice with wide dentil course supported on fluted pilasters beneath. The rear elevations are without decoration and run as a parapet wall along the west elevation and slope back from the Abbott Street elevation forming a parapet to a skillion roof. The skillion roof runs back from the west, Wharf and Abbott Street elevations. The north and west walls are punctuated by evenly spaced windows of double hung proportion indicating the position of single rooms at ground and first floor levels. Some of the windows have been replaced with louvres. The fenestration at ground floor level along Wharf and Abbott Streets appears to be original except the main entry door at Wharf Street, which has been replaced with an aluminium framed door. The northwestern rear sections of the hotel appear to represent a conglomeration of a number of periods of alterations.</p><br>
<p>Typically the interior of the ground floor has been altered to suit changing retail hotel requirements. It is now divided into restaurant kitchen, restaurant, public bar and ablution facilities.</p><br>
<p>The main stair to the first floor has simple detailing reflecting its interwar period of construction and remains in its original position. The first floor has retained its original configuration being divided into a series of single rooms off narrow corridors which run parallel to the west and north elevations. The detailing is plain with battened ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The building is a strong contributor to the streetscape along both Abbott and Wharf Streets.</p><br>
<p>A single-storeyed gable roofed building of contemporary design runs down the northwest side of the hotel and serves as a TAB. It is not considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Barrier Reef Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 July 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Barrier Reef Hotel survives as an important illustration of the growth and rebuilding of Cairns in the interwar years, when Cairns was transformed from a late 19th century backwater into a progressive, 20th century city. The building is important also as an illustration of the emphasis placed by Cairns architects and builders of the interwar period on reinforced concrete as a suitable building material for a tropical, cyclone-prone environment.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two surviving buildings which illustrate the early-established and important connection between the businesses in the Wharf-Abbott-Lake Street area and the adjacent wharves, and remains a good example of a substantial, inter-war Cairns hotel which catered principally for local workers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two surviving buildings which illustrate the early-established and important connection between the businesses in the Wharf-Abbott-Lake Street area and the adjacent wharves, and remains a good example of a substantial, inter-war Cairns hotel which catered principally for local workers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes a strong contribution to the streetscape along both Abbott and Wharf Streets.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Barrier Reef Hotel has a strong association for the Cairns community with the development of an early, vibrant commercial district based on wharf activities, and of Cairns as an important Queensland port.</p><br>
<p>Werehpai is an archaeological site in Suriname consisting of several caves containing petroglyphs of pre-Columbian origin. The site is located about 10 km from the village of Kwamalasamutu. With 313 identified petroglyphs, Werehpai is by far the largest pre-Columbian petroglyph site known in Suriname, and perhaps the largest in all of the Guianas.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The site was named by the local Tiriyó after an ancestral female hero. The archaeologists who researched the site in 2007 decided to keep the name.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and preliminary research</h2><br>
<p>It is disputed who actually discovered the site. Initially, most media reported that the site was discovered in 1998 by a Tiriyó man named Kamainja, who had lost his dog somewhere in the area. As the story goes, Kamainja then reported the discovery to the chief at Kwamalasamutu, Asongo, who spread news of the discovery further. In 2011, however, Surinamese newspaper de Ware Tijd reported that a Tiriyó man by the name of Mennio Moeshè had already discovered the site around 1990, when he was 27 years old. When Kamainja lost his dog, Mennio Moeshè told him about the existence of the caves with petroglyphs, and that he believed that the caves were inhabited by tigers, who could have eaten Kamainja&#39;s dog. Kamainja then convinced Mennio Moeshè to show him the location.</p><br>
<p>What is certain is that chief Asongo in 2000 mentioned the existence of the site to representatives of Conservation International Suriname. With the assistance of Stichting Surinaams Museum, Conservation International subsequently set up a research project to investigate the site. Archaeologists Aad Versteeg of the Stichting Surinaams Museum and Abelardo Sandoval of the Smithsonian Institution conducted field research at Werehpai in 2007, together with soil specialist Dirk Noordam.</p><br>
<p>In tests pits that were dug, pottery and charcoal fragments were found. Radiocarbon dating on three charcoal fragments resulted in datings between 5,000 and 4,200 years BP.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Even though the site was discovered only relatively recently, tour operators in Suriname have already begun offering tours to the caves.</p><br>
<p>The Heal Family House, also known as the Washington Heal House, is a historic house on Maine State Route 127 in Georgetown, Maine. Built about 1798, it is one of a small number of surviving Federal period houses in the rural community. It was owned for more than 100 years by members of the Heal family. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Heal House is located on a rural stretch of Maine Route 127, about 1.2 mi south of its junction with Robinhood Road. The house stands on the west side of the road, but is associated with a large (159 acre) property, most of which is on the east side. Once used for agriculture and dairy farming, most of this land has reverted to forest. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a gabled roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and a foundation of brick and rubblestone. Its windows (nine-over-six sash on the ground floor, six-over-six on the second) are framed by molding with a raised outer edge. The main entrance is centered, and is framed by pilasters, with a transom and corniced entablature above. A recessed two-story wing extends to the left of the main block. The interior follows a typical center chimney plan, with a narrow winding staircase in the front vestibule, the parlor to the right of the chimney, and the kitchen to its left.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in 1798 by William Heal, who was probably engaged in agricultural pursuits rather than fishing, given the house&#39;s inland location. His son Washington established a dairy herd on the property, and may have operated a tidally powered mill on Robinhood Cove. After his death the property was sold out of the family.</p><br>
<p>The Androscoggin Yacht Club is a private recreational and social club at 22 Lake Street in Wayne, Maine, on the shore of Androscoggin Lake. Founded in 1909, the club provides access to a beach and docks, and has a clubhouse available for the use of its members. The clubhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, for its architecture and for the role the club played in the development of the region as a summer tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village center of Wayne is set between Androscoggin Lake to the south and Pocasset Lake to the north. The Androscoggin Yacht Club is located on the south side of the village, on a cove at the northeast end of the lake. The clubhouse is set on a high stone foundation, which affords spectacular views of the lake. The clubhouse is a single story frame structure, with a stone chimney, gabled roof, and a three-sided wraparound porch. The exterior is clapboarded, and the interior is rustically finished. It is basically vernacular in design, but has diamond-pane windows and exposed rafter ends in the overhanging roof eaves, both Craftsman features. The bulk of the building interior is taken by the main club room, with smaller spaces set off for the kitchen, storage, and restrooms.</p><br>
<p>The club was founded in 1909 by a small group of summer residents, but quickly broadened its base to include a number of townspeople, who recognized the value of such an organization as a local social venue. The clubhouse was opened in 1912, designed by Carl Fuller Davis of Bridgeport, Connecticut. In its early years, the club sponsored regattas on the lake, and hosted dances and other social events. It continues to play a significant role in the social life of the community.</p><br>
<p>THI and E Interurban Depot-Substation, also known as Plainfield Interurban Depot, is a historic interurban train station located at Plainfield, Hendricks County, Indiana. It was built in 1907 by the Terre Haute, Indianapolis and Eastern Traction Company. The building consisted of a small brick passenger / cargo depot in the front facing the street and track plus a large, two-story repair facility and power conversion AC to DC substation at the rear. Holes in the upper part of the substation walls are where electrical transmission wires entered and left. It has Italianate style design elements in the round arched window openings. The passenger depot section is topped by a series of red clay tile hipped roofs. Interurban transportation for Plainfield ceased on January 10, 1940. The building was subsequently used as an American Legion post.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The W.L. Wood House is a historic house at 709 North Morrill Street in Morrilton, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, weatherboard exterior, and foundation of stone and brick. It has the asymmetrical massing typical of the Queen Anne period, with a three-story turret at the left corner, and a porch that wraps across the front and around the base of the tower. The porch is supported by round columns and has a turned balustrade and a low gable over the main steps. A large gable that projects from the main roof has a rounded-corner balcony at its center. The interior has richly detailed woodwork in the Eastlake style. The house was built in 1905-06 for William L. Wood, a prominent local businessman.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Union Chapel School and Shop Building is a historic school complex in rural Conway County, Arkansas. It is located at the junction of Union Chapel Road and Acker Lane, about 2.5 mi south of Springfield. It consists of three buildings: a classroom, shop building, and pump house. The classroom building is a stone single-story structure, with a gable roof, and bands of sash windows flanking the main entrance, which is set in a rounded-arch opening. The shop building is also stone, and is covered by a hip roof. The shop building was one of several built on the grounds in the late 1920s with funding from the Rosenwald Fund, and is the only one from that period to survive. The classroom building was built in 1937-38 with funding from the Works Progress Administration, replacing one of the Rosenwald buildings that had burned down.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Bhujia Hill or Bhujiyo Dungar is a hill located in the outskirts of the town of Bhuj in the district of Kutch, Gujarat, India. The Bhujia Fort built on the hill overlooks the town.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<h3>Legend of Bhujanga</h3><br>
<p>According to the legend, Kutch was ruled by the Nāga chieftains in past. Sagai, a queen of Sheshapattana, allied with Bheria Kumar and rose up against Bhujanga, the last chieftain of Naga. After the battle, Bheria was defeated and Sagai committed sati. The hill where he lived later came to known as Bhujia Hill and the town at the foothill as Bhuj. Bhujang was later worshiped by the people as snake god, Bhujanga, and a temple was constructed in his reverence.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill is 160 metre high at one end.</p><br>
<h2>Fort</h2><br>
<p>Bhujia Fort was constructed for the defense of the city by Jadeja Chiefs. Rao Godji I started the construction in 1715 which ended during the rule of Deshalji I in 1741. The fort has seen six major battles.</p><br>
<h2>Temples</h2><br>
<h3>Bhujang Temple</h3><br>
<p>At one corner of the fort is a small square tower dedicated to Bhujang Nag (snake god), who in folklore is said to have been the brother of Sheshnag - Lord of the nether world (Patal). It is said He came from Than of Kathiawar and freed Kachchh from the oppression of demons known as daityas and rakshasas.</p><br>
<p>The Snake Temple was also built at the time of the fortification of the hill during Deshalji I&#39;s reign (1718–1740). In a battle that was won with help of Naga Sadhus, who worship the Snake god, by Deshalji, the ruler of Kutch, also built a Chhatri over the temple in 1723. To commemorate this event, ever since, an annual fair is held on the fort-hill on the Nag Panchami day in Shraavana month in the Hindu calendar.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake was built atop the hill. Total 13,805 trees dedicated to each victim were planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs were created on the hill.</p><br>
<p>Maen Huail is a stone block at St Peter&#39;s Square, in the centre of Ruthin, Denbighshire, North Wales. A circular plaque next to it states "Maen Huail on which tradition states, King Arthur beheaded Huail, brother of Gildas the historian". The stone was recorded in 1699 as being in the middle of the road, and now stands on a concrete plinth against the half-timbered wall of the Barclays Bank building, a 20th-century copy of the now mainly destroyed Exmewe Hall.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the legend is The Chronicle of Elis Gruffydd, dating to around 1550, although the stone itself is thought more likely to be a market or civic stone, or a preaching stone. It is a craggy and heavily weathered limestone boulder, measuring 1.2 m long, and some 0.6 m high and wide.</p><br>
<p>The Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi in Panipat  is the tomb of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of the Lodi dynasty.</p><br>
<h2>Tomb</h2><br>
<p>Ibrahim Lodis tomb is often mistaken to be the Shisha Gumbad within Lodi Gardens Delhi. Rather Ibrahim Lodis tomb is actually situated near the tehsil office in Panipat, close to the Dargah of Sufi saint Bu Ali Shah Qalandar. It is a simple rectangular structure on a high platform approached by a flight of steps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ibrahim Lodi became the Sultan of Delhi in 1517 after the death of his father Sikandar. He was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years between 1517 until being defeated and killed at the battle of Panipat by Babur&#39;s invading army in 1526, giving way to the emergence of the Mughal Empire in India.</p><br>
<p>Ibrahim was an ethnic Pashtun. He attained the throne upon the death of his father, Sikandar, but was not blessed with the same ruling capability. He faced a number of rebellions. The Mewar ruler Rana Sangram Singh extended his empire right up to western Uttar Pradesh and threatened to attack Agra. There was rebellion in the East also. Ibrahim Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders by younger ones who were loyal to him. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India.</p><br>
<p>In 1526, the Mughal forces of Babur, the king of Kabulistan (Kabul, Afghanistan), defeated Ibrahims much larger army in the Battle of Panipat. Ibrahim was killed during the battle at Panipat and his tomb now lies there. It is estimated that Baburs forces numbered around 25,000–30,000 men and had between 20 and 24 pieces of field artillery. Ibrahim Lodi had around 30,000–40,000 men along with at least 100 elephants. After the end of Lodi dynasty, the era of Mughal rule commenced.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and Relocation</h2><br>
<p>In 1866, the British relocated the tomb during construction of the Grand Trunk Road and renovated it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodi’s death in the Battle of Panipat.</p><br>
<p>Another memorial of some kind, however, appears to have existed which used to form a place of pilgrimage for the people of Gwalior since Vikramaditya the last Raja of the old dynasty of Gwalior, fell in the same battle. This memorial, according to Alexander Cunningham, was destroyed when the Grand Trunk Road was made.</p><br>
<p>Umivik Bay , also known as Umiivik and Umerik, is a bay in King Frederick VI Coast, southeastern Greenland. It is part of the Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the jagged and forbidding appearance of most fjord systems in East Greenland, the Umivik area has a relatively gentle shape. Here the massive Greenland ice sheet comes down to the shore in smooth, even undulations and the landscape looks unbroken, with only few glimpses of bare rock. Owing to this smoothness, Umivik Bay was chosen as launching point for westward overland crossings, including the pioneering 1888 Greenland venture by Fridtjof Nansen.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Umivik Bay is located between the Fridtjof Nansen Peninsula to the north and the Odinland Peninsula to the south. It includes a sound and a fjord and has a few large islands, the largest of which is Upernattivik (Upernarsuak) lying squarely in the middle of the inner part of the bay. Other significant islands in the bay are Treflodigheden, Terne Island and Tre Lover in the inner bay, as well as Pikiitsi further east off the shore. The innermost part of the bay, by the terminus of the glaciers is known as Qíngua.</p><br>
<p>The northern side of the bay includes three sounds, the Dietrichson Sound between Treflodigheden and the mainland, the Torsukattak Sound between Upernattivik and the mainland —both about 800 m wide, and the Sverdrup Sound between both islands. At the bay&#39;s northeastern end there is the small Jensen Bay, as well as numerous islets and rocks with intricate channels.</p><br>
<p>The Umiiviip Kangertiva (Gyldenløve Fjord) is located on the southern side of the bay, between Upernattivik and the mainland shore and Vikingevig is a small bay in the fjord, in the northern shore of Odinland.</p><br>
<p>Umivik Bay&#39;s mouth is located between Cape Colberger Helde and Cape Lovelorn in the Denmark Strait area of the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are two Paleo-Eskimo archaeological sites near the entrance to Umivik Bay on the northeastern side; one on the mainland shore and the other in the Garner Islands.</p><br>
<p>Until recent times Inuit people visited the area during hunting trips. Fridjof Nansen wrote:</p><br>
<p>Nansen&#39;s expedition left sealer Jason near Sermilik Fjord, where Nansen had initially decided to start the crossing. However, there followed days of extreme frustration for the party as, prevented by weather and sea conditions from reaching the shore, they drifted southwards with the ice. Most of this time was spent camping on the ice itself—it was too dangerous to launch the boats. By 29 July they were 380 km south of the point where they had left the ship. On that day they finally reached land, but were too far south to begin the crossing. After a brief rest, Nansen ordered the team back into the boats and to begin rowing north.</p><br>
<p>During the next 12 days the party battled northward along the coast through the ice floes. On the first day they encountered a large Eskimo encampment near Cape Steen Bille, and there were further occasional contacts with the nomadic native population as the journey continued. On 11 August, when they had covered about 200 km and had reached Umivik Bay, Nansen decided that although they were still far south of his intended starting place, they needed to begin the crossing before the season became too advanced for travel. After landing at Umivik, they spent the next four days preparing for their journey, and on the evening of 15 August they set out. They were heading north-west, towards Christianhaab (now Qasigiannguit) on the west Greenland shores of Disko Bay, 600 km away.</p><br>
<p>Hemu&#39;s Smadhi Sthal, is a memorial to the Hindu king Hemu at Shodapur village on Jind road near Panipat city in Panipat district of Haryana state in India. It stands at the location where he was executed.</p><br>
<h2>Encroachment</h2><br>
<p>As the structure was lying unattended and in a state of neglect by Haryana Govt., it has been used by the migrant Muslims who have turned it into a Durgah. This property, more than 10 Acres in revenue records, which formed the Camp of Babur in 1526 during First Battle of Panipat and Camp of Akbar in 1556 during Second Battle of Panipat was with Haryana ASI till 1990. Area still has a Water Tank constructed with Lakhori Bricks in diapleted condition built during stay of Babur. The Chief Minister, Mr. OPChautala of Haryana, in 1990 released the entire area to Wakf Board of Haryana whose Chairman, a Muslim MLA from Mewat area of Haryana allowed encrochments charging money from some people and allowed Pucca constructions.</p><br>
<p>The Samadhi Sthal was constructed by Hemus supporters during Akbars rule on the spot where the dead Hem Chandra Vikramaditya was beheaded by Bairam Khan to get a false title of Ghazi for Akbar. Presently a nearby small Mosque and Samadhi Sthal are with Muslim community and rest of all place is illegally encroached with the patronage of Wakf Board. The structure in revenue records is classified as Khanghah in Persian, meaning a Serai or a resting place for travellers. Such Serais were often constructed by rich in memory of dead specially in Rewari area of Haryana where Hem Chandra belonged to. Haryana Govt needs to clear the Smadhi Sthal&#39; and surroundings from encrochments and convert the area in to a suitable memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It is built in Hindu architecture. Several such structures, called Chattries or Resting Places for travellers are found in Rewari area with similar architecture and constructed during last many centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hemu&#39;s rise from his humble beginnings in Rewari to the assumption of the royal title of Raja Vikramaditya is considered a notable turning point in history. But for the stray arrow in a battle where he was in a position of strength, Hemu Vikramaditya could well have brought about a restoration of a "Sanskritic/Brahminical monarchical tradition" to a region which had been subject to Muslim rule for centuries.</p><br>
<p>Colonel H.C. Kar comments: "He assumed the title of Vikramaditya. He emerged as a monarch in his own right and the only Hindu to occupy the throne of Delhi during the medieval history of India. Himself a staunch Hindu, he had no disrespect for any religion, Islam or Christianity". Kar also notes that Hemu&#39;s rule was on the pattern of the Vijayanagara Empire, a strong Hindu state prevailing in South India for more than three centuries.</p><br>
<p>John Clark Marshman wrote in 1873:</p><br>
<p>The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hemu, a Hindu king of Delhi. Hemu had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly Hemu was struck by an arrow in the eye and he lost his senses. On not seeing him in his howdah on the back of an elephant, his army fled. The wounded Hemu was captured by Shah Quli Khan Second Battle of Panipat and carried to the Mughal camp at Shodapur on Jind Road at Panipat.</p><br>
<p>According to Badayuni, Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title of Ghazi. Akbar replied He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him. After Akbars refusal Hemus body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded by Bairam Khan.</p><br>
<p>Statue_of_Hem_Chandra_Vikramaditya_at_Panipat.JPGStatue of Hemu (Hem Chandra Vikramaditya) at Panipat</p><br>
<p>Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpgSmarat Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles</p><br>
<p>Colonial architecture in Hemus Haveli in Rewari.JPGPortuguese colonial architecture in Hemus Haveli in Rewari, which was renovated in 1540, when Hemu became Market Superintendent in Delhi.</p><br>
<p>Agra 03-2016 16 Agra Fort.jpgAgra Fort, won by Hemu in 1553, recaptured from Humayun in 1556, before capturing Delhi.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gwalior.jpgGwalior Fort, from where Hemu launched most of the attacks during 1553-56, for his 22 battle victories.</p><br>
<p>Jack and Newell Building is a heritage-listed office building at 29 Wharf Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1911 by Hanson & Sons. It is also known as Bartlams Ltd, Fearnley & Co. Ltd, and Nosworthys Stores. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 November 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Jack & Newell Building appears to have been erected in 1911 as new premises for Fearnley & Co. Ltd, shipping and commission agents, on land held in the name of the company&#39;s managing director, Dr John Hastings Reed of Cairns.</p><br>
<p>John Gillett Fearnley had arrived in Cairns as manager for commission and shipping agents Thomas & Maddon. In 1889 he went into partnership with WC Smith (previously manager of the Queensland National Bank in Cairns), as Smith & Fearnley, storekeepers, merchants, and commercial, forwarding, shipping and insurance agents, Cairns. In 1893 (the year which appears on the front of the present building) the partnership was dissolved, and JG Fearnley, commission, forwarding and shipping agent was established.</p><br>
<p>About 1895 Fearnley secured the Adelaide Steamship Company&#39;s new Cairns agency. Initially he rented wharf facilities, but erected a substantial new wharf and offices past the terminus of Wharf Street at Lake Street, on Special Lease No.546. By 1905, JG Fearnley was one of the four principal wharf owners in Cairns, the others being Burns, Philp & Co., Walsh & Co., and Howard Smith Co. Ltd. He was a justice of the peace and a prominent member of the community, having served for many years on the local council and on a variety of local community committees. A street in Cairns is named in his honour.</p><br>
<p>The firm of JG Fearnley was re-structured in 1905-1906. In May 1905 Fearnley relinquished the agency for the Adelaide Steamship Company, selling his wharf, sheds and associated offices to the Company, but retaining his shipping, forwarding and general agency business. By August 1905 new offices (not the present building) were being erected for his firm near the Adelaide Steamship Company&#39;s offices and close to his former wharf. In October the same year Fearnley announced his intention of moving his family to the south, and left his business under the management of accountant Lionel Draper of Cairns from 9 December 1905. In January 1906, he entered into an agreement with a group of Brisbane businessmen to convert his firm into a limited liability company, Fearnley & Co. Ltd, with Fearnley remaining the managing director of the company for life, but with power to delegate that function. The new company was registered in July 1906 with Dr John Hastings Reed, manager of the Hambledon Sugar Mills outside Cairns, delegated Managing Director.</p><br>
<p>Impacting on the activities of Cairns shipping agencies and wharf owners at this time was the establishment of the Cairns Harbour Board, incorporated by Act of Parliament on 20 December 1905, and in operation from 1 January 1906. In 1906 the new Board announced that it had formed a scheme for the development of the harbour and intended to acquire and develop the existing wharves, which it did in 1907-1908. In 1907 the Harbour Board also moved the offices of the Adelaide Steamship Company further back from their former wharf. Similar action could well have been taken with other shipping agency offices, and may have provided the catalyst for Fearnley & Co. Ltd moving to new offices in Wharf Street, opposite the Harbour Boards No.2 wharf (formerly Walsh & Co.s wharf), in December 1907. This equates very much with the location of the present building.</p><br>
<p>The 1907 move may well have been to the present site, but it is not clear whether to the present building. The site was alienated in 1876 as allotment 20 of Section 2, parish of Cairns, County of Nares. Whether any building was extant on the site prior to 1907 is not known. Title was transferred to John Hastings Reed in September 1907, at which time he also took out a mortgage of £1500 on the property. This may have enabled the construction of the present building. However, early in 1911 Cairns contractors Hanson and Sons were reported to have won the contract to erect new brick premises for Fearnley & Co. Ltd, time 4 months and price around £2,300. This is more likely to refer to the present building.</p><br>
<p>From late 1922 to early 1923, Fearnley & Co. Ltd was taken over by Bartlams Ltd, merchants, carriers, shipping and forwarding agents of Townsville and Charters Towers, and title to the site of the Fearnley & Co. Ltd Building was transferred to them in January 1926. By April 1931, Bartlams had relinquished business in Cairns, but retained title to the Wharf Street property. From 1 December 1930, Ralph Collins Nosworthy took out a five-year lease on part of the building from Bartlams, and the Queensland Post Office Directory records Nosworthy&#39;s Stores at 29 Wharf Street in 1934.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 the property was transferred to John Newell of the North Queensland firm of Jack & Newell, who had held title to the adjoining property (allotment 23 of section 2) since 1899. Jack & Newell had established as general storekeepers in Herberton in 1880, and by the turn of the century had stores at Herberton, Irvinebank, Montalbion, Muldiva, Mareeba, Cairns and Port Douglas and were operating as commission, forwarding and shipping agents as well. Their Cairns shipping and forwarding agency was established, possibly in the single-storeyed building on allotment 23.</p><br>
<p>Jack & Newell&#39;s acquisition of the former Fearnley & Co. Ltd premises in the late 1930s continued the association of the building with the shipping and forwarding business. It seems that the building was rendered only after the sale to Jack & Newell, obliterating the names Fearnley & Co. Ltd and Bartlams Ltd on the front facade and replacing them with Jack & Newell & Co. The building and site remained the property of Jack & Newell Pty Ltd until acquired in the mid-1970s as part of the Barrier Reef Hotel re-development site. Through the second half of the 1970s and during the 1980s, the building was used as a wine and spirits bulk store associated with the nearby Barrier Reef Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, as part of a redevelopment of Wharf Street, most of the building was pulled down and only the facade and front office remain as part of the 14-storey Jack & Newell Holiday Apartments complex.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Jack and Newell Building is situated in Wharf Street, half-way along the block between Abbott and Lake Streets, and directly opposite the principal wharves of Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The plan form of the building is rectangular, with the Wharf Street boundary responding to the subdivision of land in this area where the grid pattern of the city meets Trinity Inlet at an angle. The building is constructed in brick and is two-storeyed where it faces Wharf Street and single-storeyed at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The elevation to Wharf Street is symmetrical about a ground floor entry door and first floor French doors that open onto a segmental balcony which has a simple slotted balustrade. Each side of these elements are pairs of timber double hung windows at ground and first floor level between capped pilasters. The whole of the facade has been rendered, covering the original brickwork which had rendered bands over the windows at each level, below the first floor windows and across the facade at the sill and head of the ground floor windows. The facade is finished at the top with a stepped parapet slotted at each side and with a semicircular decorative honeycomb brick element centrally positioned over a cornice that extends across the width of the building. Below this is the sign JACK & NEWELL & Co. in relief and below this, centrally located, the date 1893, also in relief.</p><br>
<p>The side walls step down from the Wharf Street elevation forming a parapet to the skillion roof over the upper storey. The rear wall to the upper storey contains three symmetrically aligned double hung windows. The east elevation contains two rectangular windows located towards the rear of the two-storeyed section at ground and first floor levels. The corrugated iron clad roof to the single-storeyed section, which is supported on timber trusses, is gabled with internal gutter to the side wall parapets and extends back to a stepped gable rear wall. This wall has a single loading bay entrance.</p><br>
<p>The walls to the interior of the ground floor of the building are finished in plaster. The interior of the side walls have a blind arch configuration. The ceiling is narrow tongue and groove boarding with a timber cornice. The remains of a timber stair with a geometric pattern balustrade survive in the northeast corner of the ground floor of the front section. The stair flight up to the intermediate landing has been removed. The timber floors to the ground floor of the front and rear sections of the building have been replaced in concrete; there is evidence of these original floors surviving on the walls. A wide opening has been made in the adjoining wall between the front and rear sections and an original door opening exists under the stair. A strong room exists that opens into the front section of the ground floor but is situated in the rear section.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor of the building is divided into rooms off a central hall by three quarter height tongue and groove panelled partitions with glazing over. The ceiling is tongue and groove similar to the ground floor. A trap door is centrally positioned in the floor at the top of the stair.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Jack and Newell Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 November 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Jack & Newell Building is important in illustrating the early 20th century establishment of Cairns as the principal port of Far North Queensland. In particular, it illustrates the development of port facilities and improved warehousing in the Wharf St district following establishment of the Cairns Harbour Board in 1906. For over 6 decades the building was associated with 3 firms of important North Queensland shipping and forwarding agents, and is rare surviving evidence of the role of such firms in the development of Cairns as a major regional port.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is the last remaining early 20th century warehouse in what was formerly a vibrant commercial district based on wharf activities. Along with the nearby Barrier Reef Hotel, it is one of only two buildings which survive to illustrate the early-established and important connection between the businesses in the Wharf-Abbott-Lake Street area and the adjacent wharves.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Jack & Newell Building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a masonry warehouse associated with shipping and commission agency work, illustrated in particular by the survival of office partitioning on the upper floor, display space on the lower floor of the front section, and warehousing facilities in the rear single-storeyed section. The relationship between the double and single storeyed sections of the building remains clear, and adds to our understanding of the functioning of an early 20th century Queensland shipping agency business. The inclusion of a small upper-storey front balcony is indicative of the physical and functional relationship of the building to the wharves opposite.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building retains a characteristic local streetscape pattern of building dimension and scale, particularly in its local variance of classical facade decoration, and survives as a marker of the earlier streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association for the Cairns community with the growth of the commercial district associated with the wharves, and remains a symbol of early 20th century shipping activity in Cairns, when the town was developing into the principal port of far North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has had a strong association with 3 important North Queensland-based shipping agencies: Fearnley & Co. Ltd, Bartlams Ltd, and Jack & Newell & Co. Although erected for Fearnley & Co., the building has been associated mostly (1939–76) with Jack & Newell & Co., who had traded from Wharf Street since the late 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall and now tourist information office at 51 The Esplanade, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles Dalton Lynch & Walter Hunt and built from 1912 to 1913 by Wilson & Baillie. It is also known as Cairns Shire Offices. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers, constructed in 1912-1913, is a single-storeyed masonry structure located fronting the Esplanade to the northeast. The structure was erected during a period of considerable building activity in Cairns, which occurred in the years immediately preceding the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established officially in October 1876 as a port to service the newly discovered Hodgkinson goldfields. In this first phase of Cairns development there was a small flurry of building activity (mostly shanties and tent houses), but the town competed with both Cooktown and Port Douglas for the Hodgkinson trade, and made little progress until the establishment of a local sugar industry and the opening up of the Atherton Tablelands mineral fields, in the early 1880s. The 1885 announcement that Cairns was to be the terminus for the Herberton railway established the town as the principal port in the region. These events boosted the local economy in the 1880s and generated a second building and development phase, during which the early temporary structures were replaced by more substantial timber buildings. A number of masonry and reinforced concrete public and commercial buildings were erected in Cairns in the years immediately preceding the First World War. Some of these buildings replaced earlier timber structures which were by that time in a poor condition. The third major phase of Cairns development occurred between the First and Second World Wars, at which time the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated and the city centre virtually re-built.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Divisional Board was established in 1879 by the Divisional Boards Act of that year, which brought local government to the whole of the colony, and the divisions were mostly based on existing census districts. The Divisional board had its precursors in the forms of the Road Board, which was established to advise on the allocation of government funds for roads in the region, and the Cairns Progress Association. The first meetings were held in Port Douglas, but were not suitable for Cairns residents to attend. The divisional boundaries were redrawn a number of times, and a new Cairns Divisional Board met in Cairns in mid 1880. As Cairns developed in the early 1880s, dissatisfaction grew with the Cairns Divisional Board which was perceived to be more interested in the affairs of the country areas than of the town. Separation of the town from the division was achieved in 1885 when the Cairns Municipal Council was established to administer the town area.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Divisional Board continued to operate out of its offices, which was constructed on a reserve gazetted for Divisional Board Offices, in the government precinct between Spence and Shields Streets, even though it was strictly outside of its municipal boundaries. The Cairns Divisional Board became the Cairns Shire Council c.1905 and then renamed the Mulgrave Shire Council in 1940.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Municipal Council became the Cairns Town Council in March 1903, which in turn became the Cairns City Council in October 1923. The former Cairns City Council and the Mulgrave Shire Council were amalgamated in March 1995, becoming the current Cairns City Council.</p><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers, originally named the Cairns Shire Offices, was constructed in 1912-1913, replacing an earlier timber structure. The building was designed by the North Queensland architectural partnership of Charles Lynch and Walter Hunt, a practice which had offices in Cairns and Townsville, as well as other regional centres, from 1911-21. The building was one of the partnership&#39;s earliest commissions.</p><br>
<p>Prior to forming a partnership with Walter Hunt, Charles Lynch had been a partner in the Townsville practice of Tunbridge, Tunbridge and Lynch, from 1907–10, which completed a number of projects in Cairns, including the Cairns School of Arts, Central Hotel, the Harbour Board Offices, and the rebuilding of the Court House Hotel. After his partnership with Hunt dissolved in 1921, Lynch practiced as an architect in Townsville until 1937. Walter Hunt had practiced as an architect in Charters Towers from 1900-10 prior to his partnership with Charles Lynch. After the partnership dissolved, Hunt practiced as an architect and surveyor in Townsville until 1931, and taught architecture at the Townsville Technical College from 1923.</p><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers was constructed by builders Wilson and Baillie, and the successful tender (including the front fence) was £2,348. The building originally comprised a T-shaped plan, with verandahs to all sides, and with an entrance porch fronting the Esplanade.</p><br>
<p>The first major alterations and extensions were carried out in 1951-52, and the successful tenderer was Thomas Barry O&#39;Meara and Sons at a cost of £5,993.15.0. These works consisted of the partial removal of verandahs, additions to both sides of the building with the extension of the existing roof form, new toilets, alterations to the front elevation, and alterations to the interior.</p><br>
<p>Further alterations were carried out in 1965-1966, and the successful tenderer was Del Ben and Company at a cost of £14,871. The works comprised the removal of the remaining side verandahs, additions at the rear of the side wings, internal alterations, suspended ceiling installed to the reception area, alterations to the toilets, and air conditioning to some rooms. Further internal alterations have occurred after this time.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building is used as the Cairns & Tropical North Visitor Information Centre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers, a single-storeyed rendered masonry structure with a hipped corrugated iron roof, is located fronting the Esplanade to the northeast. A three-storeyed structure, which is not included in the heritage listing boundary for this place, is built adjacent to the southeast and southwest sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical northeast elevation has a central entry with projecting gable flanked by two bays of verandahs to either side. The roof has battened eaves with paired timber brackets, and multi-paned clerestory windows are located below the eaves and above the verandah awning. The projecting gable has roughcast finish with curved timber framing in relief, and is supported by corner pilasters with expressed cornice at the verandah eave level. The name MULGRAVE SHIRE OFFICE is in relief to the lintel above the entry, above which are paired multi-paned clerestory windows. The entrance is accessed via a set of steps with curved rendered masonry balustrades. The original verandah has been replaced (as part of the 1951-52 works) with rendered masonry columns supporting a rendered masonry parapet and cantilevered concrete sunhood. The parapet has relief detailing, including a stylised circular motif, and the columns have expressed cornices at the eave level. The cast iron balustrades from the original verandah are intact, and the entrance leads into a recessed vestibule with paired aluminium framed doors accessing the customer service area. Tall narrow windows open onto the verandah either side of the central entrance.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs are flanked by a slightly projecting bay at either end, which formed part of the 1951-1952 extensions. Each bay has three narrow windows, unified by a common sill and cantilevered concrete sunhood.</p><br>
<p>The southeast and southwest elevations are mostly obscured by the adjoining building, which is constructed almost abutting the eaves. The southeast elevation comprises the 1951-52 additions at the eastern end, and the 1965-66 additions at the rear with a recessed entrance between. These additions have narrow windows with expressed mouldings, the rear addition has a low pitch ribbed metal roof concealed behind a parapet, and the recessed entrance aligns with the position of the original verandah. The original verandah has been removed from the southwest rear elevation, and the paired timber doors from the original board room now front a covered carpark under the adjoining building. The northwest elevation comprises the 1951-52 additions at the eastern end, with the 1965-66 additions at the rear which extend out from the building to the north. These additions have narrow windows with expressed mouldings, and the rear addition has a low pitch ribbed metal roof concealed behind a parapet.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has suspended ceilings to several areas, with non-original partitions and fittings. The customer service and general office area has early, and some original, details including wide cornices, clerestory windows, architraves, picture rails and skirtings. An early strong room is located in each of the rear corners, and each strong room has a ladder which access a storage area above. A partition divides the rear of the room, and another earlier partition is located across the original board room which has some original surviving details. The rear corridors between the original section of the building and the later extensions are in the position of the original rear verandahs. The later extensions have internal partitions and sheeted walls and ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The original fence fronting the Esplanade survives, and comprises rendered pillars with pyramid capitals and roughcast side panels, between which are sections of cast iron palisade on a hit-and-miss brick base. Non-original gates have been installed to both the pedestrian and driveway entrances The front garden contains several mature palms.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers survives as an important illustration of the growth of Cairns and the former Cairns Shire in the years preceding the First World War. In particular, the place illustrates the local community&#39;s confidence in Cairns and the surrounding shire emerging as an important regional centre. The site has sustained a continued local government presence in Cairns since the early 1880s, when the Reserve for Divisional Board Offices was gazetted and the first offices constructed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although the building has had two major extensions, the original form is clearly evident and it is a good example of an early twentieth century council chambers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers has considerable aesthetic significance, and together with its fencing and mature plantings, makes a considerable contribution to the Esplanade streetscape and Cairns townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers contributes markedly to the city&#39;s sense of identity and history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with the Cairns City Council and the Cairns community, and is illustrative of the development of local government in the region.</p><br>
<p>Cairns School of Arts is a heritage-listed former school of arts and now the Cairns Museum at 93-105 Lake Street, Cairns City, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Tunbridge, Tunbridge & Lynch and built from 1907 to 1941 by Hanson & Sons. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Museum is a local history museum operated by the Cairns Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed concrete building was erected in 1907 as new premises for the Cairns School of Arts, replacing an earlier adjacent building in Shields Street.</p><br>
<p>Schools of Arts were synonymous with Mechanics Institutes, established in Britain early in the 19th century, and transplanted throughout the British Empire during the colonial era. The movement was instituted by George Birkbeck, who in 1800 established a class for journeymen mechanics in Glasgow, and later formed the first Mechanics Institute in London in 1824. The purpose of forming such an institute was to improve the education of working men, and to instruct them in various trades. By the late 19th century, Mechanics&#39; Institutes had become popular agencies of adult education in general.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics Institutes were part of a wider 19th century movement promoting popular education in Britain, at which time co-operative societies, working mens colleges and the university extension movement were established. The call for popular education in turn can be contextualised within the broader liberal, laissez-faire, non-interventionist philosophy which dominated British social, economic and political ideologies in the 19th century. In this environment, Mechanics&#39; Institutes flourished as a means by which working men might improve their lot, either through self-education (the provision of reading rooms was an important facility provided by the Institutes), or by participating in instructional classes organised and funded by Institute members.</p><br>
<p>In the Australian colonies, Mechanics&#39; Institutes were more likely to be called Schools of Arts, and they were more likely to be run by the middle-classes. The provision of reading rooms, museums, lectures and classes were still important, but the Australian schools were also more likely to include a social programme in their calendar of events.</p><br>
<p>A School of Arts was established in Cairns in October 1885, by which time funds already were being raised for the erection of suitable meeting premises. The School&#39;s first building, a single-storeyed timber structure, was erected in 1886 in Shields Street to the west of the present building. Prior to its opening in May that year, the School of Arts Committee had established a reading room in rented premises.</p><br>
<p>During the second half of the 1880s the Cairns School of Arts flourished and a museum was established. The economic depression of the early 1890s, however, forced the School to close temporarily at the end of 1895, re-opening in 1897. In the early 1900s, Cairns Technical College classes were commenced at the School of Arts; these were taken over by the Department of Public Instruction in 1911.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s the School was in need of larger premises. On 8 December 1906, the Cairns School of Arts Bill was passed through the Queensland Parliament, empowering the Trustees to mortgage the School of Arts Reserve at Cairns to the value of £2500, for the purpose of erected a new building. A design competition was conducted for a new building, two-storeyed with upstairs accommodation for the School of Arts and the ground floor to be revenue-producing, the cost of which was not to exceed £2000. A design submitted by Arthur Beckford Polin was accepted, but rejected when tenders far exceeded the amount specified. The School of Arts Committee then commissioned Melbourne and North Queensland architects Tunbridge, Tunbridge and Lynch, who were Townsville-based but had a branch office in Cairns by 1907, to design a building to cost no more than the approved figure. Their work in Cairns around this time included the Harbour Board Offices (1907), the Central Hotel (1908), and the rebuilding of the Court House Hotel (1908). Hanson & Sons won the subsequent School of Arts contract with a price of £2170, and the new building was opened officially on 5 December 1907.</p><br>
<p>The building incorporated an early used of reinforced concrete in Queensland, although not employed through the whole of the structure. The concrete walls of the ground floor were reinforced with 1/2 inch round steel rods, fused where they intersected at 12 inch intervals. The floors at ground level were poured without reinforcement, and for the upper level walls, concrete was poured between timber formwork, without reinforcement.</p><br>
<p>The building has been subject to a number of alterations and extensions since 1907. A verandah and bathroom had been constructed upstairs at the rear by 1925, and in 1929 the Shields Street verandah was enclosed with windows. The enclosing of part of the Lake Street verandah probably dates to this period as well.</p><br>
<p>The first major extension was carried out in 1932. As early as 1925, the Committee was considering an extension of the building to accommodate more revenue-producing shops and offices. Plans were drawn by Committee member and architect SS Oxenham, but Cairns already had a glut of vacant shops for rent, and the concept was postponed until 1932, when the Committee commissioned Cairns architects Richard Hill & Arthur John Henry Taylor to prepare fresh plans, and the verandahed facade was extended along Lake Street at a cost of £2500. The extension provided more shop space at ground level and increased library accommodation upstairs. At this time, a decorative parapet was superimposed on the 1907 building to match that of the 1932 building.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor shop fronts were modernised in 1934-35, R Hill preparing the plans.</p><br>
<p>A second major extension to the building was carried out in 1939-40. Architects Hill & Taylor were again commissioned to extend the building along Lake Street to the boundary of the property. This time, the architects felt that an extension of the verandah was unnecessary and suggested that a cantilever awning would be suitable and that the elevation be treated as a separate unit. Cairns builder Albert Andrew Ferrari constructed the Art Deco styled extensions at a cost of approximately £4,000. At the same time a terrazzo slab bearing the name School of Arts was placed in the concrete of the footpath at the corner of Lake and Shields Streets.</p><br>
<p>Hill & Taylor designed new male and female bathrooms in 1941 in what is believed to have been an enclosed first floor verandah. The original bathroom, beside the meeting room, was probably converted to a kitchen at that time.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the Shields Street facade was extended, to connect the School of Arts to the Penny Savings Bank. Both the bank and the 1950s extensions have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>For seventy years, the first floor of the School of Arts building housed the only public library in Cairns, a subscription library with up to 1,000 members. It was run by the School of Arts Committee, and financed from the rents obtained from the shops and offices on the ground floor. By the mid-1970s, the library was the sole function of the School of Arts, which was struggling to provide an appropriate library service to a city the size of Cairns. On 30 June 1977 the School of Arts building and its library was transferred to the Cairns City Council, which moved the library into a new structure in Lake Street in 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the Cairns Historical Society opened a museum in the vacated first floor premises, and the whole building was renovated. At this time the cast-iron balustrade was removed and replaced with cast aluminium, and the earlier bathrooms were removed. The ground floor retains shops and offices.</p><br>
<p>In March 2016, the building closed for an $8.69M refurbishment with the historical society and museum temporarily relocated until the refurbishment is complete (scheduled early 2017).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Cairns School of Arts, located on the south-western corner of Lake and Shields streets, is a two-storeyed building with verandahs to both street frontages and a corrugated iron roof concealed behind a parapet wall. The building is of concrete, with only the ground floor being reinforced.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 3 stages, with the first being the corner section. The third stage of construction, the northern end on Lake Street, was designed as a separate unit. This is still evident in the treatment of the parapet, although the verandah was extended along this elevation in the 1983 renovation works replacing a cantilevered awning.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs have corrugated iron skillion awnings and timber posts and brackets, with a timber valance to the ground floor and cast metal balustrade to the first floor. The northern and western sections of the first floor verandah have been glazed.</p><br>
<p>The first stage has the words SCHOOL OF ARTS to both street frontages, with the date 1907 at the corner. The second stage has a raised gabled parapet which also has the buildings name, but in different lettering. The third stages original facade and lettering has been altered. A terrazzo slab with the words SCHOOL OF ARTS is laid in the footpath at the corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor contains retail outlets and has been extensively altered with an arcade from the Lake Street frontage through to the rear of the building. The street facade has ceramic tiling, and some early shopfront elements including timber framing and leadlight panels. The first floor contains museum and display space, with suspended ceilings and air conditioning throughout, and french doors with fanlights opening onto the verandah. It is entered from Shields Street via a stair with a turned timber balustrade, and most internal walls have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The 1983 renovation works include a concrete verandah, with steel posts and balustrade, constructed at the rear linking a 2-storeyed toilet and storage building. The rear of the site contains carparking and service areas.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cairns School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being an important component of the cultural life of the Cairns community from the beginning of the 19th century, as a school of arts, public library, and museum. It is important also as an early use of reinforced concrete in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Cairns community, in particular the contribution of the building through scale, form and material, to the streetscapes of Lake and Shields streets and to the Cairns townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the Cairns School of Arts and its contribution to adult education in Cairns for nearly 70 years, and with influential Melbourne and North Queensland architectural firm Tunbridge, Tunbridge & Lynch, as evidence of their commercial work.</p><br>
<p>Cairns Control Room is a heritage-listed military building at Grafton Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1942 by the Queensland Department of Public Works. It is also known as World War II Volunteer Defence Corps, Cairns Scout Hut, and Cairns Scout Shop. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After declaration of World War II a national Volunteer Defence Corps, founded under the banner of the Returned Soldiers League, was taken over by the Australia Army in 1941. In north Queensland VDC units were established in Townsville, Cairns and other larger towns in the region. At Cairns the local VDC used the council chambers as headquarters, but with Japans entry in the war a more substantial building was required for a civil defence control centre in the event of air raids. In February 1942 it was decided that the Public Works Department would build a reinforced concrete control room in Norman Park for use by the VDC, police and ambulance service to coordinate emergency services in the event of air raids. Construction of the building commenced in March 1942. The building survived post-war demolitions and during the mid 1950s was handed over to the Scouting Association of Queensland for use as the organisations local headquarters.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941 Japanese aircraft made a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. At the same time Japanese forces launched assaults on Thailand, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya. Three days after Pearl Harbor, two capital ships of the Royal Navy were sunk off the coast of Malaya. This gave the Japanese almost total control of the seas to Australia&#39;s north. The sudden fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 with the rapid, unchecked Japanese advance through the islands of the Netherlands East Indies raised fears of the invasion of Australia. The devastation and high loss of life caused by Japanese air raids on Darwin and Broome early in 1942 underlined the inability of Britain to defend Australia.</p><br>
<p>A 1941 Queensland Parliamentary report by the Secretary for Health and Home Affair&#39;s the Honourable Ned Hanlon, M.L.A. identified the three potential forms of enemy attacks, air raids, bombardment from the sea or invasion. The Australian Government was the responsible authority in combating and preventing enemy attacks and the Queensland government was responsible to "maintain the activities of the community during the emergency and to provide for the safety and care of the civilian population and the protection of property". Air Raid Protection Committees were formed along the Queensland coast. These committees included the local mayor, inspector of police and the government medical officer. The police, local authorities, hospitals, fire and ambulance services were responsible for the safety of the civilian population. Other Queensland government bodies such as railways, main roads, harbours, electricity and gas providers would also be required to maintain those services during the war.</p><br>
<p>To safeguard the community, six areas were identified where measures would need to be implemented:</p><br>
<p>the training of key personnel in air raid precautions</p><br>
<p>air raid warnings</p><br>
<p>the provision of shelters for those people in the streets</p><br>
<p>safety of people in their own homes</p><br>
<p>possible removal of non-essential population from vulnerable areas</p><br>
<p>closure of schools and removal of school children from vulnerable areas</p><br>
<p>Air Raid Precautions were introduced in January 1942 and the Air Raid Wardens had the responsibility to ensure compliance with the regulations within the community. Black-out curtains and slit trenches became part of every home in the Cairns area. Air raid practice drills were held on a regular basis both in the daytime and evenings, and during drills people on the streets were required to move to the nearest air raid shelter. The Cairns City Council constructed seven public air raid shelter around the city for the population. The shelters were of reinforced concrete, 300 mm thick and could hold fifty people seated.</p><br>
<p>Norman Park, now known as Munro Martin Park, was Cairns&#39; first recreational reserve being gazetted in 1882. Tenders were let to clear the reserve at the end of 1887 and sporting groups lobbied the council to fence the reserve so they could hold sporting events. In 1888 the Cairns Cricket Club obtained permission to build a cricket pitch and in 1889 Council received applications for the construction of a running track and tennis courts. The reserve was named Norman Park at a Council meeting on 8 May 1890, after the then Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Wylie Norman who had just visited Cairns. Over the years the park has played an important part in the daily life of the Cairns community. After conflict between sporting groups regarding access to the park, in 1909 the park committee recommended that sporting bodies move their activities to other venues and that the park be laid out as a garden. In the past Norman Park has served as an important community venue for activities other than sporting events. A circus was held in the grounds in 1891, a memorial service on the death of King Edward VII in 1910, and school children assembled there in 1935 to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V. Brass band contests were held there regularly.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Norman Park became a focal point for military activity with various military units using it. The council at a meeting on 10 July 1941 gave permission for "C" Company 15th Garrison Battalion to erect a hutted camp on the park. Over the course of the war over fifty building were constructed on the park. Records indicate that there was a hall on Norman Park prior to its use as a hutted camp and a US Navy store at the southern end of the reserve. The Army erected a timber radio tower on land leased from the Council at the southern end of the reserve in 1944. Elements of the 17th Battalion Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC) were one of the units to occupy the park. The VDC was a "Dads Army" raised under the banner of the Returned Services League and taken over by the military in 1941. VDC members consisted of men between the ages of 17 and 65 who for various reasons were not suitable for regular military service. Their service consisted of assisting in the defence by guarding important military and civilian places, evacuating civilians if required and in an emergency assisting with the demolition of strategic facilities. The Cairns VDC battalion consisted of about 600 men. Another volunteer unit was the Women&#39;s Emergency Corps (WEC) which was raised for the emergency transport of the civilian population if required. Recruited under the umbrella of the 51st Infantry Battalion, local women that wanted to contribute to the war effort could assist in a number of areas from motor transport, horse transport, first aid, cooking or signals.</p><br>
<p>In early 1942 the local civil defence organisation was housed in the Cairns Council Chambers and the Controller, Percy Alexander Anthony, stated in a letter to the council that the chambers building provided insufficient protection in the event of an air raid and requested that a control room be built in park land. He also suggested that a band rotunda could be built on top of it and the control room could later be used for storage. The estimated cost was £750 plus another £100 for furnishings. The public service commissioner in a minute dated 23 February 1942 announced that a decision had been made for the erection of a control room as a matter of urgency. It would be constructed in Norman Park by the Queensland Department of Public Works. In addition to its civil defence role, it would also be used by police, fire brigade and ambulance services and functioned as an air raid post, first aid post, and an emergency and essential services post. In discussions with the mayor it was agreed that the fitting and furnishing of the control room would be borne by the Cairns Town Council. A work order for the construction of the control room was issued to the district Supervisor of Works on the 3 March 1942 for an immediate start. The building was designed as a reinforced concrete structure, octagonal in plan with two entrances, each protected by internal concrete blast walls. There were no windows. On completion the building was fitted out with telephones and was used to coordinate air raid warden duties for the Cairns area.</p><br>
<p>Around 1950 Florence Street was realigned so that it ran in its original position through Norman Park in a straight line from the Esplanade to Mulgrave Road, thereby separating the park with a roadway. After the US Navy store (which had housed the Cairns and Regional Electricity Board since 1946) was removed in 1964 the southern section of Norman Park on the opposite side of Florence Street was used as a children&#39;s playground until 1974 when the Civic Theatre was constructed on the site. In 1954 the Cairns City Council proposed redevelopment of the northern end of Norman Park using funds from the estate of half-sisters Janet Taylor Munro and Margaret Hart Martin who died in 1945 and 1948 respectively, and dontated by their niece, Margie Hart Martin for the purpose of beautification of Norman Park. In 1956 the park with its new garden beds and pathways was renamed the Munro Martin Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>The former civil defence communications centre and control room survived the post war demolition and removal of public air raid shelters but it wasn&#39;t until the mid 1950s that it was given a new role when it was handed over to the Scouting Association of Queensland for their use. The Scouting Association initially used the building as their headquarters for the district which included the Atherton Tableland, Mossman and Cairns scout troops. Later the building became an area headquarters for scouts from Cardwell northward. Some of the early renovations to the building involved the removal of an internal blast wall from the front entrance on the south side of the building and cutting windows into five of the eight walls and fitting steel louvers and security grills. Two other walls had windows partly cut out but were never completed and can only be noticed from the interior of the building.</p><br>
<p>In September 1980 the Scouting Association started a major renovation program of the Control Room, which involved tiling the floor in the front (southern) section of the building and installing a ceiling. Windows were reconstructed and the exterior of the building was sand blasted and repainted. District and area scout badges were painted on the exterior of the building. On the 6 October 1980 renovated building was the venue for an evening campfire in the park, attended by the Chief Scout of Australia Sir Zelman Cowan and Lady Cowan. By 1982 arrangements had been made with local firm, Rogers Fibreglass, to construct a giant scout hat that would fit over the roof of the building. It was lowered into place at a ceremony on 22 February 1982 with the Mayor of Cairns, Alderman Ron Davis officiating and has given the building a distinctive landmark quality. The building became the Scouting Association&#39;s Area Headquarters and Scout Shop. The Scouting Association of Australia, Queensland Branch, hold a special State Lease over the building. The current lease expires on 13 February 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former World War II communication centre and civil defence control room is located on a 122 square metre State Lease (A/SP 152633) near the corner of Florence and Grafton Streets, at the south-eastern corner of Munro Martin Park. The park is a 2 hectare reserve, rectangular in shape with its boundaries defined by Sheridan, Florence, Grafton and Minnie Streets.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal concrete building is now painted in scout colours of green and yellow and has eight scout badges painted on the exterior walls representing the various scouting levels. Sitting on top of the concrete roof is a fibreglass structure in the shape of a traditional scout hat, painted brown. The "brim" of the hat, which overhangs the roof of the former control room, has 120mm wide metal edging.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance to the former control room faces south-east towards Florence Street and has a timber door. Each of the eight walls measure approximately 3.9 metres long by 3.4 metres high and are off-form concrete 300mm thick. The five southern-most walls have had window opening created and fitted with steel louvres. Each window opening measures approximately 1.5 x.9 metres and is fitted with 80 x 50mm steel mesh covered with a steel grill that is bolted to the walls. There are sets of three air vents on six of the eight walls each vent 120 x 80mm. The front and rear walls do not have air vents and the rear door entrance is boarded closed.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains one main room and two smaller rooms to the rear with a central corridor leading around the rear interior blast wall to the rear entrance. The interior walls are 150mm thick concrete. The rear section is exposed concrete and in an unpainted state. The main room has painted walls and a tiled floor and has had a ceiling lined with gyprock over the front section of the main room. There is a 300mm square concrete post 2.5 metres inside the front entrance and there is evidence of the removal of a wall between the post and the eastern wall.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Cairns Control Room of the World War II Volunteer Defence Corps was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 April 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Control Room is important in demonstrating the urgent measures taken for air raid protection and the conditions in which the air raid wardens worked, and is reminder of how close World War II came to Queensland and in particular the State&#39;s northern region.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant evidence of the important role played by volunteers in the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, particularly the Volunteer Defence Corps operating during WWII.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The WWII Volunteer Defence Corps Control Room in Cairns demonstrates an unusual design for a civil defence control room, being purpose built to protect air raid wardens during World War II and to later serve as the base for a band rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The WWII Volunteer Defence Corps Control Room in Cairns is important in demonstrating some of the principal characteristics of a World War II civil defence control room, including 300 mm external reinforced concrete walls and roof and an internal concrete wall that offered protection from the effects of bomb blast.</p><br>
<p>Shodapur or Saudapur is a village in Panipat district of the Haryana state in India.</p><br>
<p>The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hemu, a Hindu king of Delhi. In the battle, a wounded Hemu was captured by Shah Quli Khan and carried to the Mughal camp at Shodapur on Jind Road at Panipat where he was beheaded.</p><br>
<p>After a few years, Hemu&#39;s supporters, constructed a Samadhi (Hindu shrine) over the place where he was beheaded. The place and its surroundings have been slowly encroached upon by the local muslim people who have converted it into a Muslim durgah. This is the only memorial of Hemu in Panipat but it is in a bad condition.</p><br>
<p>Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpgSmarat Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles</p><br>
<p>Colonial architecture in Hemus Haveli in Rewari.JPGPortuguese colonial architecture in Hemus Haveli in Rewari, which was renovated in 1540, when Hemu became Market Superintendent in Delhi.</p><br>
<p>Agra 03-2016 16 Agra Fort.jpgAgra Fort, won by Hemu in 1553, recaptured from Humayun in 1556, before capturing Delhi.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gwalior.jpgGwalior Fort, from where Hemu launched most of the attacks during 1553-56, for his 22 battle victories.</p><br>
